The Birth of Civilization - 18947 Words

1 The Birth of Civilization Mohenjo-Daro Figure. Scholars believe this limestone statue from about 2500 B.C.E. depicts a king or a priest from Mohenjo-Daro in the Indus valley in present-day Pakistan. Does this figure seem to emphasize the features of a particular person or the attributes of a particular role? Hear the Audio for Chapter 1 at www.myhistorylab.com CRAIMC01_xxxii-031hr2.qxp 2/17/11 3:22 PM Page xxxii EARLY HUMANS AND THEIR CULTURE page 1 WHY IS â€Å"culture† considered a defining trait of human beings? EARLY CIVILIZATIONS IN THE MIDDLE EAST TO ABOUT 1000 B.C.E. page 5 HOW DID control over water resources influence early Middle Eastern civilizations? ANCIENT NEAR EASTERN EMPIRES page 14 HOW DID conquest and trade†¦show more content†¦Since labor appears to have been divided according to sex, it was probably women, gathering food, who discovered how to plant and care for seeds. This knowledge eventually led to agriculture and the Neolithic Revolution. CI V I L I Z AT I O N S The way of life of prehistoric cave dwellers differed immensely from that of humans today. Yet the few millennia in which we have been civilized are but a tiny fraction of the long span of human existence. Especially during recent millennia, changes in our culture—our way of life—have far outpaced changes in our bodies. We retain the emotional makeup and motor reflexes of prehistoric men and women while living highly organized and often sedentary lives. We might best view the early civilizations by asking how they fit into the sweep of history. One notable feature of human history is the acceleration in the pace of change. From the time that modern humans first appeared 100,000 years ago until 7000 B.C.E., few changes occurred. Humans migrated from Africa to other parts of the world and adapted to new climes. All lived by hunting, fishing, and gathering. The chief advance in technology during this longest span of human existence was from rough to smooth stone weapons and tools. Then, from about 7000 B.C.E., innovations began. Humans learned to till the soil, domesticate animals, and make pots for the storage of food. A few millennia later, bronze was discovered and the so-called river valleyShow MoreRelatedHuman Activities Have Impacted Rivers Since The Birth Of Civilization1426 Words   |  6 PagesHuman activities have impacted rivers since the birth of civilization. For millennia, water from rivers has been, used, re-used, diverted, depleted, polluted, sold, flushed, fought for, stolen, ruled, exchanged and more. To understand what affects the quality and quantity of water for The Los Angeles River, we must understand the water sources that charge and shape the River’s watershed. Moreover, we must also understand the Los Angeles River and its interaction with the environment. You see, asRead MorePlatos Influence on the Western Civilization950 Words   |  4 Pages Plato and His Relation to Western Civilization Plato is one of the succinct psychologists, analyst, and scholar the world has ever had. He is a lucrative figure in the birth, generation, and early development of the western civilization. His contributions through ethics, politics, religion, symposiums, and dialogues with Socrates exemplify a myriad of his works since he was a young scholar. He participated in a number of events, theoretical appearances, and analysis, and posting of theoriesRead MoreThe And The Road By Cormac Mccarthy1180 Words   |  5 PagesCivilization is the basis of life, driving human interaction in everyday life. The texts, Frankenstein by Mary Shelley and The Road by Cormac McCarthy, depict civilized and uncivilized situations, which reflect on and elaborate characterization. This can be seen explicitly with the creature (Frankenstein) and the boy (The Road). Both novels address the civilized and uncivilized in different approaches, however similarly emphasize the significance of the character’s t raits and development. The waysRead MoreThe Growth of Civilization Essays1349 Words   |  6 Pagesbelong to a particular civilization and your clothes, culture, language and may be even some of your personality traits are a mark of the particular civilization. The origin of civilization may interest you but, the growth of civilization is far more an important aspect of the same. The growth is considered to be a mark of development of a civilization. On the contrary, sustainable growth of civilization is something that would ensure the continuity of the progress of the civilization. In simpler wordsRead MoreGender Is A Now A Large Topic For Modern Society938 Words   |  4 Pagesquestion cannot be answered in modern society but in the past countries were the ones to label genders. Tell them who they are, what is there role, how you support the country in this role. Nazi Germany told to raise and birth children . Soviet Union you will raise children and birth them but also be a soldier and fight when needed. You will be treated as a man but with the duty of a woman . Women in Colonial Quito were legally obligated to practice obedience to their husbands. Women were dominatedRead MoreEssay on Confucius and Plato843 Words   |  4 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Confucius and Plato are two of the most respected and most widely studied teachers of history. There philosophies of how people should be governed and what characteristics make for a good leader. Both men’s ideas are good for the civilizations that they lived in, and they shared many similarities in their ideas. My own ideas of an ideal leader are a mixture of these two men’s ideas. The personal experiences of both men also play a key role in how they shape their ideas. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;TheRead MoreReligion, Culture And Politics Of Ancient Egypt Civilizations Essay879 Words   |  4 Pageswere many great civilizations that sprang up and progressed through the ages. One of this civilization was the ancient Egyptian. The Egyptian civilizations settled on the bank of Nile river which influenced the settlers to advance in the social aspect of their lives. In ancient Egypt, ecology played in important role in the development of their religious beliefs, culture, and politics that still influence current societies. Ecology shaped the culture of Egypt civilizations which helpedRead MoreRoman Society : The Great And Vast Republic And Empire1722 Words   |  7 Pagesremains in the ever changing culture of today. Whether it be the creation of a republic, the political entity still used by many today, to the mannerisms of war still taught by military schools the world over, Rome gave more to the development of civilization than almost any society. Even the phrase, â€Å"When in Rome, do as the Romans do† is commonly used around the world. In this essay Roman society will be analyzed from the rise to the fall of the great and vast republic and empire. Yet what was a RomanRead MoreThe Influence Of Western Civilization1673 Words   |  7 Pages The Influence of western Civilization Western Civilization has had a tremendous influence on many different cultures worldwide. From the Hispanic cultures in South and Central America, to the Caribbean islands, and also to the various exotic African countries, and even to the distinguished cultures that reside in the continent of Asia. In many ways than one, these cultures have been molded to be as westernized as they could possibly be without losing their traditional customs indefinitelyRead MoreThe City Of The Aztec Empire953 Words   |  4 Pages Mayan, and Incan civilizations. An example of a Central American urban center is Tenochtitlan. Tenochtitlan was the capital of the ancient Aztec capital which is located in present-day Mexico-City, Mexico. The development of this ancient city was dependent on three important factors: favorable ecology, advancing technology, and social organization. With these three preconditions, the growth of Tenochtitlan as a major urban center and as the capital of the Aztec’s civ ilization was able to flourish

The Rights Of Native Americans - 2516 Words

The United States government has always been quick to dismiss minorities. Many movements are happening today to gain the rights they never had, such as Black Lives Matter, feminism, LGBTQIA+ rights, and more. Yet, one of the most oppressed groups has silence in the media - Native Americans. Their struggles are rarely addressed and remain relatively unknown. Their cultures are continuously appropriated by fashion companies and slandered by the film industry. Since the beginning of the United States’ interaction with Native American people, they have been treated with complete disrespect; even now their basic rights are compromised as they are continually treated dishonorably. The disrespect towards Native Americans is more than simple†¦show more content†¦This idea started with Christopher Columbus who, contrary to popular belief, never set foot in North America (Gilio-Whitaker, Why the Legend of Christopher Columbus Is a Lie). He set the tone for the beginning of European-Native American relations. As described by Davey and Yellow Thunder Woman in The Canary Effect, from the beginning of meeting the natives in South America, where his ships actually did land, he began exploiting the natives for their goods and he and his men slaughtered them for fun, even feeding them to the dogs they brought with them. This horrible abuse carried on to the settling of what is now the United States. There were slaughters of Native Americans, resulting in bloody history. In the 1800’s, bounties were paid for the scalps of Native Americans by the federal government, as an attempt to eradicate the group. These killings demonstrate the first and second elemen ts of genocide. As for the third genocidal element, Native Americans were forced off their lands, in violation of treaties, and onto the Trail of Tears taking them away from their ancestral lands in the southeast. During this event, each nation lost around a quarter of their population, with 25,000 deaths. Andrew Jackson, who was the President at the time, operated under the faà §ade that it was to help the Native Americans. The fourth element of genocide occurred very recently. In 1970, U.S. House of Representatives committee spokesman George H.W. Bush proposed the

A Short History on Modern Philosophy Paper Free Essays

The existence of the self lends to the existence of God because of truths covered through inner experiences of being and thinking, which may have influenced Descartes’ truth in Cogitator Ergo Sum. Bioethics (c. 475-526 AD), a former senator and top-level assistant turned persona non grata, developed proof of the problem of divine foreknowledge as the concern that human freedom doesn’t truly exist due to God’s foreknowledge through His prophetic revelations in the Bible. We will write a custom essay sample on A Short History on Modern Philosophy Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now His knowledge that events will happen cannot be changed-?which means that He can never be wrong: the outcome is guaranteed-?man has no will to follow but His. Bioethics eventually come to solution: God is eternal (the simultaneous and complete possession of life) and thus cannot have knowledge of the future because He has no concept of time. He can experience every moment at once instead of in intervals due to his status as ultimate reality. Taking away free will as been labeled as simple necessity of nature (the mortality of man), whereas keeping as a result of a relationship is conditional (bayou are seen walking, then you must be walking). SST. Ansell of Canterbury (1033-1109) was an infamous follower of Augustine work who believed that philosophy rationally justified religious levels through necessary reasons (logically true proportions and valid inferences). He proves God’s existence in understanding and reality as an absolute truth: the idea of God in fact defines what it is to be the great conceivable being, which can only exist in reality. Being the greatest conceivable being is to be made up of all of the characteristics that would produce greatness. Being only the greatest in understanding would mean He would be less than great-?which is impossible. Peter Ballard (1079-1142), a prominent French noble and student of scholasticism (the dialectical method of learning), solved the problem of universals (how two different individual subjects be similar) through immanent realism (the essential substance of each individual is present within all of them), despite his own criticisms. Several kinds of things or categories can be labeled as the same when they are in fact merely similar (different); in order to even register what something is, you have to know its universal. However, Aristotle solution was contradictory to empiricism in that essential substance cannot be derived from the five senses, and so open for criticism. There can be no universality in individual things such as a unman and a beast, as this universality cannot be predicted and is therefore both rational and irrational, so he presents nominal as an alternative to imminent realism: what makes different individuals the same is nothing but a name-?there is only a similarity in terms, not the individuals themselves. Oversee (1 126-1198), a pseudonym for the Arabic philosopher Bin Rushed, was most infamous for his commentary of the works of Aristotle despite his works having been forgotten in the West. He resisted the theologian interpretation of the Koran-?the universe was derived was a specific point in he past -and instead advocated for the traditional view that God and the world have coexisted for an eternity, which closes the gap between the physical and metaphysical. A pure form, or nature, is required to uphold the endlessness of matter, motion, and time; as such, He is an Intelligence-?active and necessary in existence -?and as a nature, this lends to His divine and eternal knowledge as proven by Bioethics. This divine knowledge is the cause of all things, as God caused the formation of the universe that has existed since his beginning. TO deny causes is to deny Him, ND neither can be denied unless with the intention to let absurdities prosper and established principles refuted. Moodiness (1 135-1204), a Spanish Jew whose family chose exile over conversion, is known for founding agnosticism (indecisiveness or ignorance over the truth). He uses the following analogy to prove that rules that currently apply to the time have always done so: conception is to a human being as creation is to the universe; rules that currently apply to human beings may not apply at conception; rules that apply to the universe now may not apply at creation. Nothing can come from nothing because something can’t just simply come into existence without an origin; however, the creation model says that God created the world from nothing. Moodiness counters that just because nothing can no longer come from nothing, that doesn’t mean that creation couldn’t have come from nothing eons ago. SST. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274) was an Italian noble who sought to reconcile the Bible with Aristotle metaphysics through his own fifth empiricist truth: God’s knowledge can imply reason for an individual to perform a function successfully, as he has already been endowed with a pacific form of causal efficiency. He expands on the second answer of the Typhoon question (whether or not morality is derived from His commands, or if they are concurrent) and so develops his natural theory that the world is congruent to our moral code. Supported by Aristotle doctrine of four causes (who, what, why, and how), the acts of doing good (natural inclination) and avoiding evil are a priori that support his view on ethics. Acting on natural inclinations is guided by reason as an individual’s function to perform and should not be ignored. How to cite A Short History on Modern Philosophy Paper, Papers

Neonatal nursing Essay Example For Students

Neonatal nursing Essay Have you ever wondered where you would be in five, maybe ten years? What you would be doing? I never imagined that I would have a set career goal for myself. Most kids are uncertain about what they want in life; however, I always knew that my career choice was to be a neonatal nurse. I want to spend my life caring for newborn infants. Growing up, I have watched my mother come home from her nursing job and tell me how much she loves caring for other people. It gives her patience, more time management skills, and the love for other people. I will be discussing the duties, education requirements, and salary of a neo natal nurse. Second Slide First, Neonatal nurse specialists focus on the care of newborn infants up to 28 days after birth and are a vital part of the neonatal care team. There are three different levels of neonatal nursery where a neonatal nurse might work. Each level deals with different care for the newborns: healthy infants (level 1), premature infants (level 2) or the neonatal intensive care unit (level 3). Nurses can decide what level they want their career to be in. Ideally, level 1 of neonatal nursing where nurses care for healthy newborn babies would be the best fit for me. Nursing is a very common job in the world today and continues to expand. Everyone needs doctors for their health and nurses pertain to that. The duties of neonatal nurses may vary slightly at each hospital, but overall their care tasks are the same. Some of the main tasks for a neonatal nurse are the general care of the infant, for instance, physical ailments, regular changes, feeding and cuddles. In unfortunate cases some babies are not as healthy, so they need special care which refers to the different levels of neonatal nursing. Work hours in this field vary, but typically a neonatal nurse works 12 hours shifts. For the intensive care unit (NICU), nurses have to sometimes stay longer and work more days because those infants need more nurses to nurture them through their trying times. Third Slide To work in this field of nursing, a person must be a registered nurse with a bachelor’s degree, which is four-year degree (Bureau of Labor Statistics). Then to become a neonatal nurse, a person might want to consider going to graduate school to become a neonatal nurse practitioner. â€Å"Entry level requirements for neonatal nurses vary from institution to institution. Some hospitals may require one year of adult health or medical surgical nursing while others only hire RN’s after graduating from an accredited school or college of nursing and who have passed a state board exam of nursing† (Taylor). Continuing education requirements are mandated by the state. Nurses must have 30 hours, every 2 years of additional training post becoming a nurse. Fourth Slide The annual salary of a neonatal nurse practitioner is $94,000 (Neonatal nurse practitioner salary). It may change depending on if a nurse has a private practice. I recently interviewed a registered nurse, Mrs. Teresa G. Taylor at York Hospital. She went to Hartford, a community college in Bel Air, Maryland for 3 years. She informed me that she needed basic life support training and 3-4 month orientation to get her job. What Mrs. Taylor finds most rewarding about her job is â€Å"getting to help people and knowing every day that she tried to make a difference in someone’s life. † I enjoyed job shadowing her, and I learned what most nurses do on the job. It was very interesting living the life of a nurse for one day. One of the most important characteristics a nurse should have is time management. It is very important because nurses usually have a lot to do. They have to be able to manage their time efficiently to ensure everything is completed; as well as obtaining exceptional assessment skills. Most of the time, nurses are taking patient’s temperature, blood pressure, giving shots, etc â€Å"They need to be able to assess the patients correctly and carefully† (Taylor). Fourth Slide I also found a couple baby stories. They are about premature babies. This is Aliyah Lucette. .u96cb60b881c02cfd75387a809833e0c0 , .u96cb60b881c02cfd75387a809833e0c0 .postImageUrl , .u96cb60b881c02cfd75387a809833e0c0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u96cb60b881c02cfd75387a809833e0c0 , .u96cb60b881c02cfd75387a809833e0c0:hover , .u96cb60b881c02cfd75387a809833e0c0:visited , .u96cb60b881c02cfd75387a809833e0c0:active { border:0!important; } .u96cb60b881c02cfd75387a809833e0c0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u96cb60b881c02cfd75387a809833e0c0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u96cb60b881c02cfd75387a809833e0c0:active , .u96cb60b881c02cfd75387a809833e0c0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u96cb60b881c02cfd75387a809833e0c0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u96cb60b881c02cfd75387a809833e0c0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u96cb60b881c02cfd75387a809833e0c0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u96cb60b881c02cfd75387a809833e0c0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u96cb60b881c02cfd75387a809833e0c0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u96cb60b881c02cfd75387a809833e0c0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u96cb60b881c02cfd75387a809833e0c0 .u96cb60b881c02cfd75387a809833e0c0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u96cb60b881c02cfd75387a809833e0c0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Elements In The Road Not Taken EssayShe was born at 31 and 5 days. Her mother was in labor for 3 days and had only dilated 2 cm the whole entire time so a c sections was given. Aliyah was born @ 32 weeks at 9:00PM weighing 4 1/2 pounds, and measuring 48 cm long. This here is Mia. She was born at 23 weeks and 4 days. Her mother was having really bad Braxton Hicks contractions so she went into the hospital. The doctors assured her everything was fine and were about to send her home when a student nurse asked to feels her belly and was sure she was going into labor. The mother was then moved to another hospital. The doctors there managed to stop her labor for 6 hours but her contractions started again and her water broke. After 3 hours of strong labor, Mia was born at 9. 00pm the 17th of February 2009. She weighed only 1. 4 pounds. She was so tiny she looked like she could fit in the palm of your hand. The doctors said she only had 5% chance of living more than a day but they wrong. She stayed in the nicu for 122 days. She suffered lots of infections, ROP (which she had laser eye surgery), blood transfusions, sleep apnoea. But she made it. She is now 4 years old – picture. stronger than ever. This is Ben. He was born at 23 weeks and 6 days on Oct 171990 in the UK, weighing 1. 9 pounds. His mother’s appendix burst while she was pregnant with him so a c section was done immediately. Ben was in the hospital for 3 months and overcame many infections. He was deaf for the first few months of life but he is now fine. His mother was very ill due to the burst of her appendix, while ben was in the hospital so was she, she had to be watched very carefully. Luckily, today they are both healthy. Ben is now 20 years old. Fifth Slide In conclusion, neonatal nursing is a career that I definitely want to pursue. I can see myself living the life of a nurse in the future. It fits my personality perfectly. I will be helping people, which I take pride in. I have a chance to be around infants all day, which is another thing I love. Also, being a nurse can help me out when my family or children get sick one day. After all the research I have done, I have become even more interested in becoming a neonatal nurse. I am excited to begin my dream. If I want you to take anything from this, its Neo natal nurses are a very big deal in everyone’s life when we are first born. Don’t take them for granted.

Realms of Earth Essay Sample free essay sample

Astro-physicists and scientists believe that there could be rather a few planets in the Universe similar to our planet Earth. There is besides a likely opportunity that some signifier of life prevails and sustains in one of such planet. However. so far as we soon know. the Earth is the lone planet which supports life which makes it a really alone planet. It is hence imperative ( really of import and necessary ) for us to understand the domains of the Earth as the domains play a important function to enable life signifiers to germinate. prevail and sustain. The three chief constituents of the Earth are H2O. air and dirt. They are non merely in contact with each other but are besides synergistic and interdependent. Life exists merely where these three constituents interact. The Earth’s system consists of four major subsystems. They are known as spheres. domains or kingdoms. They are the Lithosphere ( land ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Realms of Earth Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Hydrosphere ( H2O ) . Atmosphere ( air ) and Biosphere ( the parts of the Earth where life is found. including land. H2O and the lower portion of the ambiance ) . Lithosphere: the kingdom of land A ; MAJOR LANDFORMS The Lithosphere is the solid surface bed of the Earth. It is by and large referred to as the crust. It consists of all the land masses on the surface of the Earth. The surface of the Earth is really uneven. There are: High mountains. e. g. . the Himalayas. the Rockies. the Andes. the Alps. Vast fields. e. g. . the great fields of India. USA and Brazil. Deep vale. The two chief characteristics on the Earth’s surface are the continents and pelagic basins. Continents are big. distinguishable land multitudes normally separated by huge water-bodies ( oceans and seas ) . There are seven major continents in the universe. They are Asia. Africa. Europe. North America. South Ame rica. Australia and Antarctica. Most of the land masses lie in the Northern Hemisphere. The Southern Hemisphere has comparatively fewer land multitudes. Jointly. the land multitudes are known as the geosphere. The lithosphere consists of different types of landforms. Landforms are features that make the Earth’s surface. The different types of landforms include mountains. tableland. hills. vales. fields. Ocean bed. sea bed. etc. How are the landforms formed? How are they utile to worlds? The surface of the Earth invariably undergoes alterations due to the action of assorted forces. It is indispensable to understand these forces and how they affect the landforms? Internal forcesInternal forces are besides known as endo-genetic forces or tectonic forces. Internal forces act from within the Earth that lead to sudden alterations on the face of the Earth. The crust of the Earth is really divided into several pieces which we call home bases. These home bases float over liquid molten stone called magma which lies below the solid crust. The nucleus of the Earth heats the liquefied magma. The liquefied magma bed is called the mantle. which is in between the nucleus and crust. Due to the intense activity within the nucleus and the mantle the magma frequently rises upwards when heated. It spreads. cools and so sinks back once more. to acquire heated and lift one time more. This changeless rise and sinking of the magma keeps forcing the home bases that rest on it. Therefore. the home bases are besides invariably traveling. This motion of the home bases is termed as home base tectonics. Sometimes the home bases move towards each other. or converge. Somet imes the home bases move off from each other. or diverge. Sometimes. the home bases slide by each other in a cross motion. Plate tectonics is responsible for the formation of mountains and vales o n the surface of the Earth. These characteristics can take 1000000s of old ages to organize. However. sometimes. sudden and strong motions take topographic point within the Earth. which conveying about monolithic alterations on the surface of the Earth. Examples are the alterations brought about on earth’s surface by the temblors. vents. landslides. etc. External forces External forces or gradatory forces are forces moving from above the surface of the Earth. They lead to decelerate and steady alterations on the face of the Earth and include all the agents of eroding like air current. H2O. glaciers. etc. The external forces lead to have oning off and reconstructing of the Earth’s surface. The agents of eroding physically change the Earth’s surface by gnawing ( have oning off ) land surfaces. transporting the eroded stuff and lodging the weather-beaten dirt. sand and dust at other topographic points. For illustration. rain. air current and rivers erode the mountains and Highlandss. the scoured atoms are carried and deposited farther down to organize fields. Types of landformsMountainA mountain is a natural lift of the Earth’s surface lifting high above its surrounding. Mountains have narrow acmes and wide bases. Mountains are found both on land and on the ocean floor. They are of different types. Some of them are really high and some comparatively short. Some have pointed extremums. while some have rounded tops. Some have steep inclines and some have soft inclines. The higher ranges of the mountains can be really cold. The higher the height. the lower will be the temperature. Fold MountainsFold Mountains are formed by the upward motion and folding of land multitudes due to sidelong compaction caused by tectonic or internal forces. When two home bases move towards each other. the topographic point of convergence of the two home bases gets compressed. The crust along the border gets crumpled or folded. Massive beds of the Earth’s crust get uplifted as a consequence of these meeting forces. ensuing in the formation of Fold Mountains. The Himalayas and the Alps were formed in the same manner in the recent geological yesteryear and are hence known as immature crease mountains. They have rugged alleviation and high. conelike extremums. The Aravalli scope in Rajasthan is one of the oldest crease mountain ranges in the universe. The scope has been lowered greatly due to uninterrupted eroding over 1000000s of old ages. The Ural mountainss in Russia and the Appalachians in North America are besides illustrations of really old crease mountains. They have been worn down well and have rounded characteristics. Such mountains can be classified into three signifiers: Young mountains ( late formed mountains. with crisp extremums. like the Himalayas ) ; Mature Mountains ( do non hold a crisp extremum which have been worn off due to the agents of eroding like air. H2O and sunshine ) and Old Mountains ( the most ancient mountains affected badly by the agents of eroding. over a great period of clip like 1000000s of old ages ) . Block Mountains When two home bases on the Earth’s crust diverge or are pulled apart. breaks appear on the Earth surface. These breaks are called mistakes. When two mistakes are formed alongside each other. big countries get displaced vertically along the two mistake lines. The land between the mistake lines either subsides ( falls ) or rises ( gets lifted ) . The uplifted portion of the land is called horst and the subsided portion is called graben or rift vales.Sometimes. rivers may flux through the rift vale. The Rhine Valley is a rift vale and the Voges Mountains in Europe are block mountains. River Narmada in the subcontinent of India flows through a rift vale. The Narmada Valley is a graben. a superimposed block of the Earth’s crust that dropped down comparative to the blocks on either side due to ancient spreading of the Earth’s crust. Two normal mistakes. known as the Narmada North mistake and Narmada South mistake. analogue to the river’s class. and tag the boundary between the Narmada block and the Vindhya and Satpura blocks or Horsts which rose comparative to the Narmada Graben.Volcanic MountainsThe conelike or dome-shaped constructions formed as a consequence of magma get awaying through Earth’s surface are called Volcanic mountains. The gap in Earth’s surface through which the magma escapes is called a blowhole. Magma that reaches the surface of the Earth is called lava. The hot lava flows over the surface of the Earth. cools and so hardens to organize lava sheets. Over 1000s of old ages. several beds of such lava sheets are deposited on top of each other to organize volcanic mountains. If the magma is thin and flows easy. gently inclining mountains are formed. such as Mauna Loa in Hawaii. However. if the lava is thick and syrupy. the mountains formed are cone shaped with steeply inclining sides. For illustration. Mt. Vesuvius in Italy. Mt. Kilimanjaro in Africa and Mt. Fuji in Japan. Pavagadh. near Vadodara. Gujarat is a good illustration of the Volcanic Mountains. The Importance of MountainsMountains influence the clime of a land. They help do rain by coercing clouds transporting wet to lift. condense and come down every bit rain. Several perennial rivers ( rivers that carry H2O throughout Thursday e twelvemonth ) originate from mountain glaciers. The Indus. Brahmaputra. Ganga. Yamuna and the other rivers are fed by mountain glaciers. Many fresh H2O lakes and springs are besides found in mountains. They act as reservoirs of H2O. Mountains are rich in vegetations and zoologies. The woods provide assorted merchandises like fuel. lumber. lac. nuts. fruits. medicative herbs and fresh fish. Many mountains are a rich beginning of minerals. Dams built across river vales provide irrigation and hydro-electricity ( e. g. Bhakra-Nangal Dam built on River Sutlej. ) Mountains and their picturesque vales encourage touristry. They besides support featuring activities such as paragliding. stone mounting. manus gliding. river rafting and skiing. PLATEAUS A tableland is a wide. degree. elevated country of land. Since a tableland has a level top with aggressively falling sides. it besides called a plateau. Often a tableland may hold one gently inclining side and one steep side. The steep side of a tableland is called an escarpment. A big portion of the surface of the Earth is made up of tableland. Most of the continents have big tableland. The largest and highest tableland in the universe is the Chang Tang of Tibet. called the roof of the World. India has Malwa tableland in the Central portion. ChhotaNagpur tableland in the Eastern side of India. The Deccan Plateau in the peninsular Southern India is one of the oldest tableland of the universe. Most of the African continent is made of tableland. East Africa. Kenya. Tanzania and Uganda are all located on a tableland. Plateaus are of different types: Inter-montane tableland are those that are surrounded wholly or partly by mountains. for illustration. the tableland of Tibet.Continental tableland are huge countries of plateau that rise suddenly from the seashore or environing fields. e. g. . the tableland of Africa.Lava tableland are formed when lava flows out of crevices and spreads thickly over extended countries. The Deccan tableland is a lava tableland.Tablelands are besides really utile to worlds. Lava tableland. like the Deccan tableland. are mostly com posed of black dirt. which is really fertile. It is utile for the cultivation of harvests. Most tablelands have rich sedimentations of minerals. The Chhota Nagpur tableland in India has rich sedimentations of Fe ore. manganese and coal. The African tableland is rich in gold and diamond sedimentations. The rivers fluxing along plateaus autumn from a great tallness when they flow across the excarpments. They form waterfalls. The H2O falls with great force and assist revolve turbines to bring forth electricity. Hundru falls on the river Subarnarekha and Jog falls on the river Sharavati in the Deccan tableland are some illustrations. PlainA low-lying huge level land is called a field. Plains are formed in different ways. While most of them are levelled alluvial piece of lands. some are rounded and some undulating ( soft rise and autumn ) . Alluvial piece of lands are formed when rivers and their feeders bring down eroded stuff from the mountains. The scoured stuff is called dust or alluvial sediment. It contains sand. silt. clay and animate being and works affair. T hey supply the rich foods required for the dirt. Plains are normally fertile and are extensively used for the cultivation of harvests. Plains are the most dumbly populated parts on Earth. People settle in fields for many grounds. Normally H2O is abundant. The land being level and fertile. it enables cultivation of harvests. It is possible to construct an first-class web of roads and railroads. The ports andseaports in coastal fields promote international trade. The fields of river Indus. Ganga and Yamuna in India. the fields of the river Nile in Egypt and the fields of the river Hwang Ho in China are dumbly populated. ValleyValleies are the low-lying land between hills or mountains. They may or may non hold a river fluxing through them. River vales are normally V-shaped. The Rhine Valley in Europe and the Damodar Valley in India are river vales formed by glaciers. Large multitudes of ice that move down a mountain incline are U-shaped. Glacial vales are found in the Alps and the Himalayas. BasinsA basin is a down subdivision of the Earth’s crust with environing land ( E. g. Ocean basins ) . Many basins are found alongside tableland borders and form countries of inland drainage. i. e. . the rivers fluxing in the basin do non make the sea. The Tarim Basin of Asia and the Chad Basin of North Central Africa are basins of inland drainage. Apart from these major landforms. there are some typical minor landscapes as good Islands: An island is a piece of land which is surrounded on all sides by H2O. India has two grou PS of islands – the Lakshadweep Islands in the Arabian Sea and the Andaman -Nicobar islands in the Bay of Bengal. Sri Lanka is an island merely south of India. in the Indian Ocean. Malagasy ( Madagascar ) is another large island in the same ocean. Try to place other islands on a universe map. Many islands together are called Archipelago. ( e. g. Lakshadweep and Andaman islands ) . A little sized island is called an islet. Peninsulas: A peninsula is a piece of land that is surrounded by H2O on three sides and joined to a larger land mass. The peninsular tableland of India and the Malay Peninsula are two illustrations of peninsulas attached to the continent of Asia. Isthmuss: An isthmus is an extended narrow piece of land linking two larger land countries. normally with major water-bodies on either side. E. g. : the Isthmus of Panama that joins North America and South America and separates the Pacific Ocean from the Atlantic Ocean. The Isthmus of Suez joins Africa to Asia and separated the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea. Bay: A bay is an unfastened. swerving indenture made by the sea into a coastline. E. g. Bay of Bengal Gulf: A gulf is an recess of the sea of big proportion. Gulfs are more enclosed / narrower than bay. E. g. : Gulf of Kutch and Gulf of Khambhat. Passs: A sound is a narrow stretch of H2O fall ining two big H2O organic structures and dividing two big land multitudes. E. g. : Palk Strait.Ocean Bed: the earth’s crust found under the H2O of the ocean or the sea is the ocean bed or sea bed. These are the deepest portion of the Earth’s crust. The deep vales form the abysm and the extremums of high rise mountains frequently form Islands or islets. Sea Bed: the earth’s crust found under the sea. organizing the sea bed. These are normally shallower than the Ocean bed. Hydrosphere: the kingdom of H2O A ; MAJOR WATER-BODIESHydrosphere ( hydro= H2O ) refers to the portion of Earth that is covered with H2O. It includes H2O in all signifiers. i. e. solid ( ice ) . liquid ( H2O ) and gas ( H2O vapor ) . Water is found as ice sheets in glaciers. It is found as streamlined H2O in oceans. rivers. lakes. pools and belowground watercourse. It is besides found as H2O vapor in the ambiance. All these signifiers together make the Hydrosphere. Of the Earth’s surface. 71 % is covered by H2O and merely 29 % by land. This gives T he Earth another name – the Blue Planet. 97 % of the Earth’s H2O is found in the oceans and is salty. 2 % of the H2O is found in the signifier of glaciers and ice sheets. Merely 1 % of the H2O is found as fresh H2O on the surface and as belowground watercourses. Fresh H2O is. hence. a critical resource. Fresh H2O comes down as precipitation from the ambiance to the Earth’s surface. flows as rivers and watercourses along it. and is found as groundwater beneath it. The H2O rhythm Water rhythm refers to the interchange of the signifiers of H2O on this planet. It involves three different procedures – vaporization. condensation and precipitation.Water is transferred from the Earth’s surface to the ambiance through vaporization. It is the procedure by which H2O when heated. alterations into a gas. Approximately 80 % of all vaporization is from the oceans. and the staying 20 % is from inland H2O and flora. Condensation is the procedure by which the H2O vapor in the ambiance when cooled. alterations to its original liquid province. In the ambiance. condensed H2O may look as clouds. mist. fog. dew. etc. depending on the physical conditions of the ambiance. When H2O droplets get excessively heavy to stay suspended in the air. they fall to the Earth as precipitation. Precipitation occurs in a assortment of signifiers – hail. rain. stop deading rain. sleet or snow. Types of Water-BodiesOceansOceans are huge multitudes of ungratified water-bodies. The ocean Waterss are ever traveling. The three major motions of the ocean Waterss are moving ridges. tides and currents. Tides are the periodic rise and falling of the H2O caused by the gravitative force of the Moon and Sun moving upon the revolving Earth. Waves are the lifting and falling motions of surface sea H2O caused by the force of the air currents. Currents are the horizontal motions of sea H2O caused by many factors including air current and the Earth’s motion. How the Oceans formed: The semi liquefied surface of the prehistoric Earth was covered by vents. Hot gases and H2O vapors given off by the vents formed the Earth’s early atmosphere. The H2O vapor in this early ambiance condensed as rain. Rainstorms poured down on the planet and filled the huge hollows on the Earth’s surface. These immense pools of H2O formed the oceans. The H2O was hot and acidic. Later. works life evolved and changed the composing of the ambiance and ocean. Oceans form the major portion of the hydrosphere. All the oceans of the universe are interconnected. Oceans help international trade by organizing natural Marine rou T. They besides support marine life. Oceanic currents – the motion of the mass of pelagic H2O in a definite way – aid keep the specific conditions forms and climatic conditions. Pacific OceanIt is the deepest and the largest ocean. It covers about one -third of the Earth’s surface. In fact. it is so large that all the continents could easy suit into it. The adventurer Ferdinand Magellan named the ocean ‘Pacific’ significance composure or tranquil. The International Date Line passes through the Pacific Ocean. It is located between the Southern Ocean. Asia. Australia. and North and South America. The length of coastline is 135. 663 kilometer. Its lowest point is Challenger Deep in the Mariana trench at 10. 924 m below average sea degree. This is the deepest point on the surface of the Earth. The mean deepness of the Pacific Ocean is about 4. 030 m. The Atlantic Ocean It is the 2nd largest of the world’s oceans. It lies between Africa. Europe. the Southern Ocean. and the Western Hemisphere. The length of its coastline is 111. 866 kilometer. The lowest point in this ocean is Mi lwaukee Deep in the Puerto Rico Trench at 8605 m below the average sea degree. The form of the Atlantic is like the missive ‘S’ and its mean deepness is about 3330m. Though this ocean is smaller than the Pacific. it has a big figure of ports and seaports. The Indian Ocean It is the 3rd largest of the world’s ocean. It is enclosed by land in the North and lies between Africa and the Southern Ocean. Asia and Australia. The extent of coastline of this ocean is 66. 526 kilometer. The Java Trench at 7258 m deep is its deepest point. Its shores consist of some of the ancient tableland and the remains of the Gondwanaland. The Arctic OceanIt is the smallest of the world’s oceans. It lies good within the Arctic Circle around th e North Pole. The coastline is about 45. 389 kilometer. Fram Basin at 4665 m forms the deepest point of the Arctic Ocean. The Arctic is connected to the Pacific by a narrow stretch of shallow H2O organic structure called the Bering Strait. In the northern seashore it is bound by North America and Eurasia. Most of the clip. North-polar Ocean remains frozen. Apart from the oceans. there are some smaller H2O -bodies excessively: Seas: A sea is a portion of an ocean that is smaller and shallower. It is normally located near to the border of a local area network 500 mass or continent. E. g. : Arabian Sea. Mediterranean Sea. Lakes: Lakes are little organic structures of H2O which are surrounded by land on all sides. Large lakes are called inland seas. for illustration. the Aral Sea. the Dead Sea. the Black Sea. the Baikal Lake and the Caspian Sea of Eurasia. Rivers: A river is a watercourse of H2O which flows in a channel from high land to moo land and eventually to a lake or sea. The topographic point where a river originates is called its beginning. which usually lies in a hill or a mountain. The topographic point where a river ends its journey is called its oral cavity. The oral cavity is usually the topographic point where the river enters the sea. The path or the class of a river has three different phases – upper. center and lower. The upper class by and large lies in mountains and. hence. the land is steep. The river flows really fleetly at this phase. When the river descends to the fields from the mountains. it is in its in-between class. The velocity of its flow decreases well as it flows through countries that have a soft R incline. The river is in its lower class near its oral cavity. where the incline is negligible and. hence. its flow has about halted. Atmosphere: the kingdom of bluessThe bed of air that surrounds our Earth is called the ambiance. The word ambiance is derived from ‘atmos’ which means ‘vapour’ in Greek. This is the most dynamic portion of the major spheres of our planet. The ambiance is a mixture of gases. dust and vapor which encompasses the Earth every bit far as 10000 kilometers above the Earth surface. The ambiance protects us from solar radiation every bit good as meteors. meteorites and smaller dust which autumn towards earth every twenty-four hours. The ambiance besides helps to keep the Earths’ temperature every bit good as aids in the climatic and conditions forms. The lower bed of atmosphere contains legion life prolonging gases like Oxygen. Carbon-di-oxide. Nitrogen. etc every bit good as H2O vapor. The ambiance is divided into six chief beds on the footing of its composing. temperature. force per unit area. etc.The troposphere is the bed that is closest to the Earth and the topographic point where all conditions alterations occur. Ninety per centum of all air is found in this bed and it contains most of the H2O vapor and dust atoms of the ambiance. The troposphere extends up to 18 kilometers at the Equator and bit by bit declines up to 8 kilometers at the poles. This the most of import bed for life on Earth. The most upper part of troposphere is known as tropo-pause. The stratosphere extends beyond the troposphere. It is barren of H2O vapor and dust atoms and there is no turbulency and clouds in the air. This is where airplanes fly. The stratosphere extends from the troposph ere to heights runing from 20 to 50 kilometers above sea degree. The stratosphere contains the ozone bed or ozonosphere. the portion of the Earth’s ambiance which has high concentrations of ozone. a signifier of O. This bed consequences when O molecules split due to extremist -violet radiation coming from the Sun. The ozone bed absorbs and blocks the harmful ultraviolet beams of the Sun. The mesosphere extends to a tallness of 80 kilometers above the stratosphere. This domain has the coldest temperature in the ambiance. The temperature can be every bit low as -90  °C.The ionosphere or thermosphere extends from 80 kilometers to 480 kilometer. The temperatures here are every bit high as 1480 °C. It is electrically charged due to a procedure called ionisation: atoms change into ions through add-on or remotion of negatrons. Ionization happens due to X raies and gamma beams from the Sun. This high temperature of this sphere protects Earth from infinite dust similar meteors every bit good as disused orbiters. Tele-communications affecting wireless moving ridges are besides possible due to the electrically charged molecules of this domain. The exosphere is someplace between 480 kilometers to 960 kilometer. It bit by bit merges with infinite. The temperature here ranges from 300 °C to 1600 °C and air force per unit area is highly low. Composition of the ambianceThe Earth’s ambiance is a mixture of 12 gases. The ambiance contains 78 % N. 21 % O and 1 % other gases like C dioxide. Ar. He etc. Thus N and oxygen the vitalizing gas. do up about 99 % of clean and dry air. The composing of the atmosphere influences the clime of a topographic point. Though merely a minute sum of C dioxide is present in the ambiance. it is responsible for maintaining the planet warm. It traps the heat of the Sun and prevents it from traveling back into infinite. It therefore acts like a cover for the Earth. This heat is indispensable for the sprouting of pla National Trusts and the endurance of life. This procedure of heat acquiring trapped in the ambiance to maintain the Earth warm is known as the nursery consequence. Atmospheric force per unit area and air current: Air has weight. The entire weight of the air is called air force per unit area or atmospheric force per unit area. Air force per unit area varies with location and clip. because the sum ( and weigh ) of air above the Earth varies from topographic point to topographic point and clip to clip. Atmospheric force per unit area decreases with addition in height. Temperature besides decreases with addition in altitude particularly in the troposphere. Air ever moves from a part of high force per unit area to part of low force per unit area. Traveling air is called air current. Biosphere: the kingdom of the life and BIOMESLife on Earth exists due to the presence every bit good as interaction of the three domains discussed earlier: the Lithosphere. the Hydrosphere and the Atmosphere. The portion of the Earth where life exists is called the Biosphere. ‘Bios’ is a Grecian word significance ‘life’ . The Biosphere is the narrow contact zone between the geosphere. the hydrosphere and the ambiance. where life signifiers exist. ( Mention the first image on Page 1 of this stuff ) . Life on Earth is possible because of Its optimal distance from the Sun ( neither is it excessively far nor is it excessively near to the Sun ) . The presence of a protective ambiance.The handiness of equal H2O required for life signifiers.The biosphere consists of the interaction of workss. animate beings and other life things which invariably interact with their environment. This changeless interaction helps keep a balance between beings and their environment. Populating beings range in size from microscopic bacteriums to immense mammals. All of them. including worlds are mutualist. In the biosphere. living things signifier communities based on their physical milieus. These communities are referred to as Biomes. Deserts. grasslands and woods are some of import types of biomes. Biomes are defined as â€Å"the world’s major communities. classified harmonizing to the prevailing flora and characterized by versions of beings to that peculiar environment† ( Campbell 1996 ) . The importance of biomes can non be under-estimated. Biomes have changed and moved many times during the history of life on Earth. More late. human activities have drastically altered these communities. Therefore. preservation and saving of biomes should be a major concern to all. Types of Biomes FRESH-WATER BIOMEFreshwater is defined as holding a low salt concentration — normally less than 1 % . Plants and animate beings in fresh water parts are adjusted to the low salt content and would non be able to last in countries of high salt concentration ( i. e. . ocean ) . There are different types of fresh water parts: Ponds and lakes Streams and riversWetlandsPonds and lakes: These parts range in size from merely a few square metres to 1000s of squa rhenium kilometers. Scattered throughout the Earth. several are leftovers from the Pleistocene glaciations period. Many pools are seasonal. lasting merely a twosome of months ( such as sessile pools ) while lakes may be for 100s of old ages or more. Ponds and lakes may hold limited species diverseness since they are frequently isolated from one another and from other H2O beginnings like rivers and oceans. Streams and rivers: These are organic structures of fluxing H2O traveling in one way. Streams and rivers can be found everyplace — they get their starts at headwaters. which may be springs. snowmelt or even lakes. and so go all the manner to their oral cavities. normally another H2O channel or the ocean. The features of a river or watercourse alteration during the journey from the beginning to the oral cavity. The temperature is cooler at the beginning than it is at the oral cavity. The H2O is besides clearer. has higher O degrees. and freshwater fish such as trout s and hetero-trophs can be found at the oral cavity. Wetlands: Wetlands are countries of standing H2O that support aquatic workss. Marshes. swamps. and bogs are all considered wetlands. Plant species adapted to the really damp and humid conditions are called aquatic plants. These include pool lilies. cattails. sedges. American larch. and black spruce. Marsh vegetation besides includes such species as cypress and gum. Wetlands have the highest species diverseness of all ecosystems. MARINE BIOME Marine parts cover about three-quarterss of the Earth’s surface and include oceans. coral reefs. and estuaries. Marine algae supply much of the world’s O supply and take in a immense sum of atmospheric C dioxide. The vaporization of the saltwater provides rainwater for the land. The largest of all the ecosystems. oceans are really big organic structures of H2O that dominate the Earth’s surface. DESERT BIOME Desertss cover about fifth parts of the Earth’s surface. Normally. rainfall is less than 50 cm/year in comeuppances. Desert biomes can be classified harmonizing to several features. There are three major types of comeuppances: Hot and drySemi-aridColdHot and dry comeuppances: The four major North American comeuppances of this type are the Chihuahuan. Sonoran. Mojave and Great Basin. Others outside the U. S. include the Southern Asiatic kingdom. Neo -tropical ( South and Central America ) . Ethiopian ( Africa ) and Australian barrens. The seasons are by and large warm throughout the twelvemonth and really hot in the summer. The winters normally bring small rainfall. Semi-arid comeuppances: The major comeuppances of this type include the Sagebrush of Utah. Montana and Great Basin. They besides include the Ne-arctic kingdom ( North America. Newfoundland. Greenland. Russia. Europe and northern Asia ) . The summers are reasonably long and dry. and like hot comeuppances. the winters usually bring low concentrations of rainfall. Summer temperatures normally average between 21-27 ° C. Cold comeuppances: These comeuppances are characterized by cold winters with snowfall on occasion over the summer. They occur in the Antarctic. Greenland and the Ne-arctic kingdom. They have short. moist. and reasonably warm summers with reasonably long. cold winters. FOREST BIOMEForest biomes are biological communities that are dominated by trees and other woody flora ( Spurr and Barnes 1980 ) . Forest biomes can be classified harmonizing to legion features. with seasonality being the most widely used. Distinct forest types besides occur within each of these wide groups. There are three major types of woods. classed harmonizing to latitude: Tropical TemperateBoreal woods ( taiga )Tropical ForestTropical woods are characterized by the greatest diverseness of species. They occur near the equator. within the country bounded by latitudes 23. 5 grades N and 23. 5 grades S. One of the major features of tropical woods is their distinguishable seasonality: winter is absent. and merely two seasons – showery and dry prevail. The length of daytime is 12 hours and varies little. Temperate ForestTemperate woods are found in eastern North America. north-eastern Asia. and western and cardinal Europe. Chiseled seasons with a distinguishable winter characterize this forest biome. Moderate clime and a turning season of 140-200 yearss during 4-6 frost-free months distinguish temperate woods. Taiga Forests ( Boreal ) Boreal woods. or taiga. stand for the largest terrest rial biome. Happening between 50 and 60 grades north latitudes. boreal woods can be found in the wide belt of Eurasia and North America: two -thirds in Siberia with the remainder in Scandinavia. Alaska. and Canada. Seasons are divided into short. moist. and reasonably warm summers and long. cold. and dry winters. The length of the turning season in boreal woods is 130 yearss. TUNDRA BIOME Tundra is the coldest of all the biomes. Tundra comes from the Finnish word tunturi. intending treeless field. It is noted for its frost-moulded landscapes. highly low temperatures. small precipitation. hapless foods. and short turning seasons. Dead organic stuff maps as a alimentary pool. The two major foods are nitrogen and P. Nitrogen is created by biological arrested development. and phosp Horus is created by precipitation. GRASSLAND BIOME Grasslands are characterized as lands dominated by grasses instead than big bushs or trees. In the Miocene and Pliocene Epochs. which spanned a period of about 25 million old ages. mountains rose in wester n North America and created a Continental clime favorable to grasslands. Ancient woods declined and grasslands became widespread. Following the Pleistocene Ice Ages. grasslands expanded in scope as hotter and desiccant climes prevailed worldwide. There are two chief divisions of grasslands: Tropical grasslands or Savannah Temperate grasslandsThe grasslands of the universe Savannah or Tropical grasslandSavannah is grassland with scattered single trees. Savannah cover about half the surface of Africa ( about five million square stat mis. by and large cardinal Africa ) and big countries of Australia. South America and India. Climate is the most of import factor in a Savannah. Savannah are ever found in warm or hot climes where the one-year rainfall is from about 50. 8 to 127 centimeter ( 20-50 inches ) per twelvemonth. Temperate grasslandTemperate grasslands have grasses as the dominant flora. Trees and big bushs are absent. Temperatures vary more from summer to winter. and the sum of rainfall is less in temperate grasslands than in Savannah. The major manifestations are the veldts of South Africa. the puszta of Hungary. the pampas of Argentina and Uruguay. the steppes of the former Soviet Union. and the fields and prairies of cardinal North America. Human Impact on BiomesHuman and natural activity affects Biomes in different ways. When worlds exploit forest for wood or flora.When worlds clear woods for agribusiness. industrialisation or for researching minerals. When natural catastrophes like temblors. volcanic eruptions. inundations or tsunamis occur. When inordinate graze takes topographic point. When there is a forest fire. etc.It is of import to protect the kingdom of the Earth from debasement. These kingdoms of the Earth interact with each other and assist prolong the assorted life signifiers. including the worlds. Thus the kingdoms affect the lives of human existences. Human activity in footings of industrialisation has several negative impacts. Industrial emanations pollute the air. Industrial wastewaters pollute H2O organic structures. Carbon dioxide is an of import gas. However an addition in the degree of this gas has caused the temperature of the Earth to lift. This is known as planetary heating. Human activities are doing the depletion of the ozone bed. The ozone bed protects t he Earth from the harmful ultra-violet beams of the Sun. The most pressing demand today is that all of us learn to restrict the usage of resources and conserve the same for the future coevalss. We should salvage the planet from farther pollution and maintain it safe – non merely for ourselves but besides for the diverse life signifiers that are found on planet Earth.

Argumentative Essay Sample on Death Penalty Pros and Cons

Argumentative Essay Sample on Death Penalty Pros and Cons Just like the debate on the legalization of marijuana, the death penalty has elicited mixed feelings on all the citizens globally. There are those who strongly argue that capital offenders must be sentenced to death. In America, for example, crime has become a national disaster. What makes the matter worse is that incarceration has done very little to correct wayward behavior. In the recent past, national authorities have embraced correctional policies in a bid to persuade citizens to stop engaging in criminal activities. When viewed from this lens, one may contend that the death penalty is the sole sure way of deterring would-be criminals from capital crime. On the other continuum of this dilemma are civil rights bodies and humanitarian groups. Everybody understands that the human life is sacred and that it should be treated as such. In addition to this, every national constitution has a universal clause that seeks to protect human life. In consideration of this truth, it emerges that the death penalty is neither advantageous nor prejudicial. Common dissertations written by students take the form of persuasive essay on death penalty: the pros and cons. When writing such an essay, one must provide a background into the topic. The next step is to take a position, either to support or refute the notion of imposing death penalty. The reasons for the position taken must be provided. This is followed by a counter argument, with supporting reasons. For illustration purposes, a brief persuasive essay on this topic is as follows: Serious offenses like murder and rape generally attract a death penalty. It is perceived that in executing death penalty, serious offenses are denounced. There cannot be denying the fact that crime is highly prevalent in modern societies. This leaves innocent citizens with profound fear of robbery attacks, beastly rapes, and murders. More often than not, for example, the victims of horrible rapes are children and elderly women. The pain of losing a loved one or a close colleague to violent robbers and murderers is so unbearable that one wishes the perpetrators could be hanged. It is very worrying that the people who commit these heinous crimes have been in and out jail severally. Thus, it helps very little if the court system keeps sentencing a serial murderer to imprisonment. Imposing a death penalty will clean all killers and rapists from the society. It might sound irreligious to sentence an offender to death; disobedience to laws is denounced in all religions. Therefore, if a person does not have respect for life, then why should others respect his/her life? Is it okay to see our young girls lose their dignity to insufferable criminals who have no justification for the acts they commit? Let every one be answerable for his or her actions. There is need to comprehend that a death penalty might be the only effective way of portraying crime as serious. Let the government do what it deems effective for the security of its citizens.

Asynchronous Transfer Mode Essay Research Paper Asynchronous

Asynchronous Transfer Mode Essay, Research Paper Asynchronous Transfer Mode Asynchronous Transfer Mode: Asynchronous Transfer Mode By Gene Bandy State Technical Institute Asynchronous Transfer Mode: Asynchronous Transportation Mode ( ATM ) is a # 8220 ; high-velocity transmittal protocol in which information blocks are broken into little cells that are transmitted separately and perchance via different paths in a mode similar to packet-switching engineering # 8221 ; . In other words, it is a signifier of informations transmittal that allows voice, picture and informations to be sent along the same web. In the yesteryear, voice, picture and informations were transferred utilizing separate webs: voice traffic over the phone, picture over overseas telegram webs and informations over an internetwork. ATM is a cell- shift and multiplexing engineering designed to be a fast, general intent transportation manner for multiple services. It is asynchronous because cells are non transferred sporadically. Cells are given clip slots on demand. What seperates ATMs is its capableness to back up multimedia and incorporate these services along with informations over a signal type of transmittal method. The ATM cell is the informations unit used to convey the information. The information is broken into 48-byte informations packages for transmittal. Five bytes of control informations are appended to the 48-byte informations packages, organizing a 53-byte transmittal frame. These frames are so transmitted to the receiver, where the 5-byte control informations ( or Heading ) is removed and the message is put back together for usage by the system In an ATM web, all informations is switched and multiplexed in these cells. Each ATM cell sent into the web contains turn toing information that achieves a practical connexion from inception to finish. All cells are so transferred, in sequence, over this practical connexion. Asynchronous Transportation Manner: The heading includes information about the contents of the warhead and about the method of transmittal. The heading contains merely 5 eights. It was shortened every bit much as possible, incorporating the lower limit reference and command maps for a on the job system. The subdivisions in the heading are a series of spots which are recognized and processed by the ATM bed. Sections included in the heading are Generic Flow Control ( GFC ) , Cell Loss Priority ( CLP ) , Payload Type, Header Error Control, the Virtual Path Identifier and the Virtual Channel Identifier. The Header is the information field that contains the gross bearing warhead. A GFC is a 4-bit field intended to back up simple executions of multiplexing. The GFC is intended to back up flow control. The CLP spot is a 1-bit field that indicates the loss precedence of an single cell. Cells are assigned a binary codification to indicate either high or low precedence. A cell loss precedence value of zero indicates that the cell contents are of high precedence. High precedence cells are least likely to be discarded during periods of congestion. Those cells with a high precedence will merely be discarded after all low precedence cells have been discarded. Cell loss is more damaging to informations transmittal than it is to voice or picture transmittal. Cell loss in informations transmittal consequences in corrupted files. The Payload Type subdivision is a 3-bit field that discriminates between a cell warhead transporting user informations or one transporting direction information. User information is informations of any traffic type that has been packaged into an ATM cell. An illustration of direction Asynchronous Transfer Mode: information is information involved in call set-up. This subdivision besides notes whether the cell experienced congestion. The Header Error Control field consists of mistake look intoing spots. The Header Error Control field is an 8-bit Cyclic Redundancy Code to cheque for individual spot and some multi-bit mistakes. It provides error checking of the heading for usage by the Transmission Convergence ( TC ) sublayer of the Physical bed. The Virtual Path Identifier in the cell heading identifies a package of one or more VCs ( practical channels ) .The Birtual Channel Identifier ( VCI ) in the cel heading identifies a individual VC on a paricular Virtual Path. The way is divided into channels. The pick of the 48 byte warhead was made as a via media to suit multiple signifiers of traffic. The two campaigner warhead sizes were ab initio 32 and 64 bytes. The size of the cell has and consequence on both transmittal efficiency and packetization hold. A long warhead is more efficient than a little warhead since, with a big warhead, more informations can be transmitted per cell with the same sum of operating expense ( heading ) . For informations transmittal entirely, a big warhead is desirable. The longer the warhead is, nevertheless, the more clip is exhausted packaging. Certain traffic types are sensitive to clip such as voice. If packaging clip is excessively long, and the cells are non sent off rapidly, the quality of the voice transmittal will diminish. The 48 byte warhead size was the consequence of a via media that had to be reached between the 64 byte warhead which would supply efficient informations transportation but hapless quality voice and the 32 byte warhead which could Asynchronous Transportation Manner: transmit voice without reverberation but provided inefficient informations transportation. The 48 byte warhead size allows ATM to transport multiple signifiers of traffic. Both time-sensitive traffic ( voice ) and time-insensitive traffic can be carried with the best possible balance between efficiency and packetization hold. ATM Advantages: 1. ATM supports voice, picture and informations leting multimedia and assorted services over a individual web. 2. High development possible, works with bing, bequest engineerings 3. Supply the best multiple service support 4. Supports delay near to that of dedicated services 5. QoS ( Quality of Service ) classes 6. Supply the capableness to back up both connection-oriented and connectionless traffic utilizing AALs ( ATM Adaptation Layers ) 7. Able to utilize all common physical transmittal waies ( DS1, SONET ) 8. Cable can be twisted-pair, coaxal or fiberoptic 9. Ability to link LAN to Wan 10. Bequest LAN emulation 11. Efficient bandwidth usage by statistical multiplexing 12. Scalability 13. Higher sum bandwidth 14. High velocity Mbps and perchance Gbps Asynchronous Transfer Manner: ATM disadvantages: 1. Flexible to efficiency # 8217 ; s disbursal, at present, for any one application it is normally possible to happen a more optimized 2. Technology 3. Cost, although it will diminish with clip 4. New client premises hardware and package are required 5. Competition from other engineerings -100 Mbps FDDI, 100 Mbps Ethernet and fast ethernet 6. Soon the applications that can profit from ATM such as multimedia are rare 7. The delay, with all the promise of ATM # 8217 ; s capablenesss many inside informations are still in the criterions procedure Asynchronous Transfer Mode Bibliography Mention: 1. Freeman, Roger L. ( ( 1996 ) . Telecommunication System Engineering: Third Edition. City: New York, John Wiley A ; Sons, INC. 2. Spohn, Darren L. ( 1997 ) . Data Network Design. City: McGraw-Hill Company. 3. Taylor, D. Edgar ( 1995 ) . The McGraw-Hill Internetworking Handbook. City: New York, McGraw-Hill Company. Internet: 1. Quigley, David ( 1997 ) . A Technical View of ATMs. [ on-line ] , Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mathcs.carleton.edu/students/quigleyd/atmtech.html.

BUSN300 Unit 1IP Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

BUSN300 Unit 1IP - Research Paper Example Emission of harmful gases damages the ozone layer that is responsible for absorbing harmful radiations of the sun. This leads to increase in the overall temperature of earth’s atmosphere. The main culprit of global warming is carbon dioxide and its variants that are introduced in the earth’s atmosphere by human activities. The most potent argument given in this regard is that there is clear evidence that the temperature of the earth has increased over the last century. The temperature of the earth is increasing and this is creating climatic imbalance which has harmful effects for the natural habitat. People who consider global warming a serious threat argue that the change in climatic conditions of the world is clear evidence of the validity of global warming. Another reason why global reason is considered a serious issue by many is that icebergs all over the planet are melting. This melting of icebergs is leading to increase in the water levels of seas and oceans, and this can have disastrous effect on climate and natural life (Venkataramani, 2004). This has also led to the increase in occurrences of floods all over the world. Increase in water levels also creates imbalance of salty and fresh water in oceans which also leads to grave climatic issues. Melting of icebergs is also seen by many as proof of the existence of global warming phenomenon. Global warming is also considered a serious issue because it can be explained very well from the human activities in the 20th century. In 20th century, human beings have increases combustion of fossil fuels and in the same period earth’s temperature has increased. This correlation is considered by many as evidence that the phenomenon of global warming is real and can be explained through human activities in the 20th century. Many believe that global warming should not be taken seriously because the temperature of the world

Questions in History Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Questions in History - Assignment Example very short period of time because by the end of like four months there was already the use of gas in vans as a form of automatic death with the aid of a senior commander named Herbert Lange (Fulbrook, 2001). In this article, the impacts of the ‘final solution’ have also been discussed i.e. impacts in the academic sector and the cultural effects of the same. The whole issue of brutally murdering the Jews and enclosing them in death camps is unimaginable and disturbed people’s minds such that even psychologists could not understand what could have been happening in the camps. Therefore, this left a great impact on the society because people lived in great fear of what would come next. In the academic sector, there have been many historical publications on dictatorship and such leaders and also on what happened during the killings of the European Jews. Many academic writers have also shown interest in how the Nazi concentration camps rose and also the Second World War; therefore these issues are still being taught in many learning institutions (Fulbrook, 2001). This happened between the years 1980 to 1990 and it tried to cover up the bad impression brought about by Nazism by trying to explain in a humane way. According to the holocaust, the Nazi concentration and death camps still existed just for a simple reason that the present people may remember what was happening in the past and not that they were sites for murder. However, the holocaust has faced much opposition from many historical analysts because they claim that it is difficult to understand such serious issues without the actual survivors. Furthermore, there is no common language that the survivors, if there were any, would use to pass the message whether in written or spoken form. Holocaust research is centred on information acquired from the actual victims of the final solution through video-taped testimonies and written literature (Fulbrook, 2001). The ‘final solution’ was accomplished by

Training class Essay Example for Free

Training class Essay CERTIFICATION OF AUTHORSHIP: I certify that I am the author of this paper and that any assistance I received in its preparation is fully acknowledged and disclosed in this paper. I have also cited any sources from which I used data, ideas or words, either quoted directly or paraphrased. I have added quotes whenever I used more than three consecutive words from another writer. I also certify that this paper was prepared by me specifically for this course. Student’s Signature: ______________________________ Instructor’s Grade on Assignment: Instructor’s Comments: Justify the use of a needs assessment of your company’s proposed employee customer service training stressing five (5) ways in which such an assessment would expose any existing performance deficiencies. Customer demands and the increase in competition have caused many companies to focus on customer service and relations. Southwest Airlines uses different approach when managing their airlines services throughout 97 destinations and 41 states (La Tasha, 2013). The ability to provide great customer services has much to do with the success of many individuals and companies. In the case of Southwest, their brand is to offer a low fare to their customers and always taking them on time to their final destination. Customer service isn’t about giving the customer exactly what they want. It involves skills such as problem solving, empathy, interpersonal skills, communication, and leadership abilities. Employee performance can be improved in many ways. Training is one way to emphasize employee performance. Each customer interaction is a representation on the company. Southwest Airlines objective is to train executive teams, making sure the highly value customer satisfaction guarantee and wanted those executives who managed departments that directly filtered into the service quality. When conducting a needs assessment, there are three areas that must be considered: organizational needs, occupational needs, and individual needs. Organizational assessment evaluates the level of organizational performance. An assessment of this type will determine what skills, knowledge, and abilities a company needs. It determines what is required to alleviate the problems and weaknesses of the company. Occupational assessment examines the skills, knowledge, and abilities required for affected occupational groups. Occupational assessment identifies how and which occupational discrepancies or gaps exist. Individual assessment analyzes how well an individual employee is doing a job and determines the individuals capacity to do new or different work. Individual assessm ent provides information on which  employees need training and what kind. A needs assessment is a wise investment for the organization. It saves time, money and effort by working on the right problems. People skills are the foundation for good customer service. Southwest Airlines will identify the goals of the potential training program by doing an initial interview questions with all parties. These questions are just a few to begin laying the foundation for the needed training. When a company encounters some type of situations, training is required. Southwest Airlines, assessment moves into the organizational, person and task analysis phase, questions will be intended for specific key executives. To make sure if the training will support the company’s strategic direction and if the needed resources would be obtainable, the assessment team will look in the direction of strategic planning, training and business development executives.â€Å" When employees interact with customers they are representing the organization and each customer’s perce ption of the quality of that interaction can influence the customer’s opinion of the organization and its products or services† (Dugan, 2014). Person’s analysis phase will determined who will need the training and if the present knowledge base provides a foundation to obtain the new skills. With exceptional customer service being the primary goal of these airlines, the Customer Service Department and Customer Support service department know what practices are currently used and if new skills and training is necessary to improve customer satisfaction. Lastly, task analysis will identify what current job functions are performed and if a need to implement new practice is necessary. Determining the needs of employees within an organization, assisting managers and filling vacant positions are significant aspects of human resource management processes. Organizations must complete job analysis to identify the skills needed for each job. The job description explains the knowledge, skills, and abilities required to fill the various jobs as spelled out in job specifications. The main objective of a needs assessment is to answer common questions such as who, when, where and why. Conducting a need assessment protects the assets of an organization and it is also an opportunity to initiate the conversation for proper utilization of resources that have been set aside for training. All assessments gather the information needed to make the decision if training is needed with the use of specific techniques. The assessment will be  conducted with interviews, focus groups and supporting documentation to decide if training is needed. The outcome of this assessment needs to be accurate. Develop a customer service training implementation plan and determine the method of training. Southwest has developed the Simulations method where an extensive technology-based training program is used. Its university for people is accessible to all its employees for personal and professional development. The virtual university offers courses ranging from software training to customer service. Additional, the airlines careers development services provides the employees with counseling, assessment and development plans. Employee training programs are helpful to organizations of different sizes. Even small companies can improve customer service skills. Large organizations often need training programs specifically targeted to employee development and changing technologies. Offering training programs to employees helps the employee feel more engaged and committed to the organization. The implementing of an employee training program in the organization improves job morale and teaches new skills. There are several steps to follow in developing a training plan. Step 1. Analyze your organizational needs. Interview managers and supervisors and identify employee performance areas that need growth. Step 2. Present your detailed presentation plan to the committee or the companys leadership team a nd be prepared to answer questions. Summarize the benefits of each proposed program, anticipated costs and time requirements. Demonstrate the need for each program by preparing detailed analysis of problem areas and possible solutions. Step 3. Conclude your plan and determine the budget for the next fiscal year. Request funds needed for the implementation of the customer service training. It should be taking in consideration employee training budget, including materials, travel, speaker fees, computer access charges and food in the budgeted amount. Step. 4 Allocate the funds by department, per employee or per training program, recommends the American Society for Training and Development (Lynn, 2014). Consider the benefits expected from each training program and decide if the cost of the program will give the desired results. Step 5. List the training classes offer over the year. Divide the classes by type and employee attendance. Prepare a schedule and publish it in the companys intranet. If possible, allow employees to sign up electronically to save valuable personnel time. Step 6.  Look for potential trainers references and verify that his materials and presentation style fit the company needs. Arrange the program costs and fees and a list of any needed equipment. Ask an employee with expertise in the field to teach a class or utilize member of the companys human resources department. Set clear expectations of class content and have a feedback system in place. Strep7. Evaluate the success of the program immediately after the programs completion. Ask the participants to fill out a feedback of the training program. Analyze the comments to plan for further training. The simulation method used in this type of training is effective because it is planned and resourceful. Justify why you selected the training program that you did. The simulation method is a perfect program used by airlines. The method offers the trainees the opportunity to experience some characteristics of their job in a secure and restricted environment and build skills related to those aspects of the job. Southwest Airlines has established the Flight Simulation training method where the technicians are responsible for continuous maintenance and engineering support for the Flight Operations Training Center, also where all Southwest Airlines Pilots receive training, as well as support for Flight Attendant emergency door trainers. The group was named Southwests Heroes of the Heart winner for 2014, an annual tribute awarded to a behind the scenes workgroup whose dedication contributes to Southwests success. (Southwest, 2014). â€Å" Southwest continues to count on the incredible reliability of its Flight Simulation Technicians as the airline completes the integration of AirTran, trains classes of New Hire Pilots, and adds hundreds of Captains through 2015†.(Southwest, 2014) Propose two (2) ways to motivate an employee who has no interest in attending a training class. Motivating and keeping employees in the company, requires effective management practices and strong leadership skills. An adequate training and good operating system are vital in a company. Employees need proper support and training tools to performance the job. A performance-based compensation plan should be designed very carefully to ensure that employees are encouraged to help build the business. Recognition and communication are also very important manager key responsibilities. Management, leadership skills and efforts will determine the success in  providing a good environment where the employees will be motivated therefore will remain loyal to the company. Southwest Airlines is an excellent example of what most airlines companies are striving for. Some of its ways to motivate an employee who has no interest in attending a training class are: 1- Reward and recognition. Employees kno w that the company provides meaningful recognition and rewards for their performance. They know precisely what the company gives them in return for their unique work. The entire employees place particular importance in exploring every possible technique approach and devise to recognize outstanding performance. Southwest identifies all employees directly in proportion to their personal accomplishments. This generates a contagious shared energy across the whole organization and as consequence the work environment is animated with enthusiasm and joy and this atmosphere is what the employees love. For their employees, compensation is of secondary importance. By generously rewarding its employees for excellent performance, Southwest Airlines is able to maintain loyalty, job satisfaction and high level of personal motivation. 2- Performance Management. A key feature of Southwest Airlines performance management is its performance transparency. To begin with, the company measures three dimension of performance: Employee wellbeing, customer satisfaction and shareholder gain. To reach their goals, the performance of the average worker is critical (Deutschen dorf, 2014). Therefore, Southwest Airlines stresses a demanding tracking and rewarding of individual performance, attached with clear immediate and straight feedback. The employees have a strong image of the background in which they work; they clearly understand how performance is measured and what it is they can do in order to improve it. The understanding of current individual performance and organizational performance is a key factor not only in Southwest Airlines employee motivation, but also in any employee motivation setting. Develop a survey to collect feedback from the employees who attend the training. Companies should give a chance to their employees to express their thoughts on the direction of the company has the opposite effect. It is very important for the company to find out their opinions of a specific training class and it is more likely they will take a personal stake in the business and feel like they are part of the team. Every method of gathering employee feedback depends on what challenges you need to address as a business.  Common questions managers seek when employees complete their training classes are: Was the course appropriate to your needs? Were the training personnel sufficiently knowledgeable and professional? Was the training facility good? Was the training package communication available to you organization? Was the training course complete? And lastly, the amount of communication with you and your department. Training and Evaluation = Required fields How satisfied are you: Very satisfied Satisfied Neutral Dissatisfied Very Dissatisfied Was the course appropriate Training personnel are sufficiently knowledgeable Quality of the training facility Communication of the training package The training course overall Amount of communication with you/your department References Deutschendorf, H. (2014). 7 key elements in southwest airlines employee motivation. Retrieved from: http://www.fastcompany.com/3024949/dialed/7-ways-to-keep-employees-happy Dugan, T. (2014). Developing and training human resources in organizations/ small business chron. Retrieved from: http://smallbusiness.chron.com/developing-training-human-resources-organizations-697.html La Tasha. (2013). Southwest airlines needs assessment and analysis. Retrieved from: http://trainingdevelopmentsystems.edublogs.org/2013/03/15/southwest-airline-needs-assessment-and-analysis/ Lynn, D. (2014). How to implement an employee training program. Retrieved from: http://www.livestrong.com/article/207076-how-to-implement-an-employee-training-program/ Southwest, A. (2014). Sothwest airlines and its flight simulation technicians. Retrieved from: http://www.swamedia.com/releases/southwest-airlines-and-its-flight-simulation-technicians-announce-two-year-contract.

Colombia :: essays research papers

Colombia Climate The climate, however, varies with the elevation. The low regions along the coast and the deep Patà ­a and Magdalena river valleys are torrid, with mean annual temperatures of 75 ° to 80 ° F. From about 1500 to 7500 ft the climate is subtropical, and from about 7500 to 10,000 ft it is temperate. Above about 10,000 ft is the cold-climate zone, where temperatures range from 0 ° to 55 ° F. The average January and July temperatures in Bogotà ¡ are 58 ° F and 57 ° F, respectively. The averages for the same months in Barranquilla are 80 ° F and 82 ° F. Throughout the year, three-month periods of rain and dry weather alternate. Along the Pacific coast precipitation is heavy. At Bogotà ¡ the annual rainfall averages about 40 in, and in Barranquilla it averages about 32 in. Dry weather prevails on the slopes of the Eastern Cordillera. Government Colombia has a Republican form of government. Colombia has a president who is elected by popular vote. He is chosen by any man or woman 18 years or older. The president can serve one four year term. He appoints a cabinet which has to be approved by congress. Congress is composed of a House of Representatives (199 members) and a Senate (112 members). Land Area The total land area of the country is 440,831 sq. mi. The capital and largest city is Bogota. Population Characteristics, Religion, and Language The population of Colombia (1993 estimate) was 34,942,767, giving the country an overall population density of about 79 per sq. mi. About 95 percent of the people are Roman Catholics. Small Protestant and Jewish minorities exist. The official language of Colombia is Spanish. The racial makeup of the Colombian population is diversified. About half the people are mestizo (of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry), about 20 percent are of unmixed European ancestry, and about 14 percent are mulatto (of mixed black and white ancestry). The remaining 8 percent is made up of blacks, Native Americans, and people of mixed race. History In 1538 Spanish conquistadors founded New Granada. In 1717 Bogota became the capital of the Viceroyalty of New Granada which consisted of present-day Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, and Venezuela. In 1819 Simon Bolivar defeated Spanish troops near Bogota and became the first president of the new republic of Gran Colombia. Currency The basic unit of currency is the Colombian peso (829 pesos equal U.S.$1; 1994).

Human Elements In Administration Essay

People are the most important element in an organization whether it’s a business enterprise, a school, an army or hospital. School administrator and supervisors must be prepared to deal effectively with the people involved because they have the most difficulty in understanding and dealing with the human elements of administration. The administrator must understand certain fundamental concepts of motivation. He must have an insight into the nature of authority and influence. And most of all, he must have the ability to analyze specific problems and to carry out his intentions successfully. Technical skills, administrative skills and human skills are the three kinds of skills a successful administrator must possess. * Technical Skills – pertains to methods, techniques and processes. * Administrative Skills – ability to see the organization as an entity and the interrelationship of its various parts * Human Skills – refers to the ways of dealing effectively w ith people. 3 Distinct elements: *Skill in understanding the basic human forces active in the organization. *Skill in analyzing complex human situations. *Skill in implementing a plan of action. It is said that man is a wanting animal. As soon as one of his needs is satisfied, another appears in its place. Man’s needs are organized in a series of levels or a hierarchy of importance according to the theory of Maslow. Psychological needs – to be alive and to stay alive. Safety needs – to feel safe from accidents or pain, from competition or threat. of his behaviour. Ego needs – relate to one’s self – esteem and one’s reputation. Self – fulfilment needs – for continued self – development, for realizing one’s own potentialities. Understanding basic needs of an individual is important for the administrators and supervisors because deprivation of those needs has behavioural consequences on the part of one’s individual. It is also important to understand because of the fact that an individual whose lower level needs are satisfied, he is not any longer motivated to satisfy his psychological and safety needs. Rather, he shifts towards the satisfaction of the other needs in the hierarchy. Unless there are opportunities at work to satisfy these needs, the individual is deprived and his consent behaviour will reflect the deprivation. A New Theory of Management Proposition on the theory of new management’s task by McGregor harnessing human energy to organizational requirements are stated as follows: 1. Management is responsible for organizing the elements of productive enterprise – money, materials, equipment and people – in the interest of economic needs 2 A process of directing peoples efforts, motivating, controlling their actions and modifying their behaviour to fit the needs of the organization 3. It is the responsibility of the management to recognize and develop the individual’s potential for development, his capacity for assuming responsibility, his readiness to direct behaviour toward organizational goals. 4. The essential task of management is to arrange organizational conditions and methods of operation in order to achieved desired goals and objectives. New theory of management relies on self – control and self – direction; it treats people as a matured adults and it is management by objectives, Advantages 1. it does not involve the relinquishing of leadership, the abdication of management or the lowering of standards 2 it is a process of creating opportunities, encouraging growth, releasing potential, removing obstacles and providing guidance Some applications of the new theory: 1. Decentralization and Delegation – freeing people from too close control of conventional organization. 2. Job Enlargement – encourages the acceptance of responsibility at the bottom of the organization. 3. Participation and Consultative Management – people are encouraged to direct their own creative energies towards organizational objectives and giving them some voice in decisions. 4. Performance Appraisal – individuals are involved in in setting targets and objectives for himself and in a self – evaluation of performance semi – annually or annually. Close supervision tends to be associated with high productivity, general supervision with high productivity. The importance of supervising subordinates as a group are as follows: a.) discuss work problems with the group, b.) group performs well even when the supervisor is absent, c.) foster teamwork and group loyalty and d.) involves group participation in making decisions. THE ADMINISTRATOR OF SCHOOL FINANCING The welfare of the state depends largely upon the education of its citizens. Filipino people recognized the importance of sending children to school whenever and wherever possible. Our leaders and framers of Constitution see to it that the Magna Carta contains a provison that the state should establish and maintain a complete and adequate system of education and provide at least free primary for all education of school age. Since school population keeps on growing and the salaries of the teachers are keep on increasing, more and more funds are needed. However, present financial capability becomes inadequate and need to augment financial resources to keep up with increasing educational needs. In general, the sources for government income for education are the following: 1. Taxes imposed by law for the support of the government such as the real – property tax, specific tax, and import and export taxes. 2. Tuition fees imposed on students in public high schools, vocational schools, regional normal schools, and chartered colleges and universities. 3. Matriculation fees collected from public secondary school students, vocational schools, and chartered colleges and universities. There were also a matriculation fee charged in the intermediate grades but the fee was abolished by R. A. 4092 effective the school year 1964 – 1965. 4. Rental for lease of school sites and sales of schools products. 5. Land grants and donations. 6. Voluntary contributions. 7. Special fees such as miscellaneous fees charged from college students for entrance, registration, library, athletics, and laboratory, medical and dental clinics, school paper, diplomas, graduations and R.O.T.C. Support for Elementary Education The Educational Act of 1940 which nationalized the support of all elementary schools in municipalities and municipal districts saved the situation for the poor communities. The Educational Act of 1940 forbids the collection of tuition fees in the intermediate grades although it permits the matriculation fees in an amount to be determined by the President not exceeding two pesos for each pupil enrolled in the intermediate grades in municipalities and municipal district. The proceeds from this matriculation fee accrue to the fund of the National Government to purchase of library books and equipment and 40% for financing athletic activities in the intermediate grades. While the acquisition of school sites and construction of temporary school buildings remain the responsibility of the local governments. The law abolished the share of municipalities and municipal districts in the internal revenue collections, percentage taxes on the agricultural products and income tax. Support for Public Secondary Schools The financial support for the maintenance and operation of public secondary schools provided for by the provincial and city governments. Generally, the majority of provinces do not have adequate funds to support the schools properly. This deficiency in finances gives occasional difficulty in the payment of secondary teacher’s salary. The sources of provincial income are the following: 1. Internal revenue allotments from the national government. 2. Share from local taxes. 3. Fees from services rendered. 4. Income from miscellaneous receipts. Support for secondary schools 1. Tuition and matriculation fee levied by the Provincial Board on all high school students 2. Board uses parts of its general fund in case of shortage or the Board passes a resolution increasing the rate of tuition 3. Through the enactment of R. A. No. 3478, the National Government has been granting annual national aid to general provincial and municipal high schools beginning with the school year 1963 – 1964, primarily intended for salary adjustments of teachers and other secondary school personnel 4. Voluntary contributions and donations by private individuals and civic organizations Support of barrio experimental high school, the Bureau of Public Schools in its Memorandum No. 86, issued on August 1, 1966, states as follows: 1. The tuition fee to be charged should not be less than â‚ ±80.00 a year. 2. 50% of the 10% real estate tax proceeds allotted to barrios in accordance with the revised Barrio Charter should be set aside and used solely for the improvement of instruction in the barrio high schools. No amount accruing from this fund should be spent for salaries of teachers and other school personnel. 3. All feeder barrios should share the expenses for the improvement of instruction, the share of each to be proportionate to the number of students from the feeder barrios attending barrio high school. 4. All resolutions of the barrio councils regarding the funding of barrio high schools should be approved by the Municipal Council concerned. Support of Public Schools in Chartered Cities 1. Tuition fees and city funds   2. National Government allots lump sums as aid to cities for their educational needs. 3. National aid for salary adjustments of teachers and other secondary school personnel. The law was amended by R.A. No. 4128so as to include all city high schools except Manila and Quezon City. Support of Vocational Schools Vocational schools usually come under two categories – the provincial trade school and the provincial agricultural school. The source of income comes from the national contribution, tuition and other fees and income from school products. The so – called rural high schools which are agricultural in nature are jointly supported by the provinces and municipalities and the National Government. Support of Normal Schools Regional normal schools are also national like the vocational schools. There are still seven regional normal schools located in strategic places in the country serving the needs of the students in the surrounding places. Sources of income of these schools are national contribution and tuition fees. The city or municipality where they are located may also appropriate funds for the normal training department. Support of Special Schools The Philippine Nautical School located in Pasay is supported entirely by the National Government which offers courses for employment as merchant marine officers. The School for the Deaf and Blind under the Bureau of Public Schools is supported by the government with occasionally aid from the Philippine Charity Sweepstakes. Support of Chartered Government Colleges and Universities The support of chartered government institutions like University of the Philippines comes from the tuition and matriculation fees of students and comes from national funds appropriately annually by Congress. Special aids for the construction, repair and improvement of the buildings are given in special legislation or taken from the pork barrel fund. The tendency of the request by these institutions is to increase every year. Thus, the burden of the National Treasury for the support of these schools keeps on increasing. Other Agencies in helping the Financing of Public Schools A number of foreign agencies give some material aid to the schools aside from the National Government. Among these agencies are the following: * AID – NEC – provided in 1966 appropriations for buildings including the constructions of dormitories and also for typewriters, mimeographing machines and professional books for the Bureau of Public Schools. * UNICEF – gave aid in kind such as educational kits, globes, tape recorders, laboratory equipments and vehicles. * The American Foundation for Overseas Blind – donated Braille type writers, paper headsets, etc. * The Pilot Applied Nutrition Project (Bayaribang) – is a joint venture of the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), The Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO). These entities gave help in the form of technical services, training stipends, vehicles for supervision and various types of supplies and equipments for kitchen, laboratory and agricultural uses. * The Agency for International Development (AID), National Economic Council (NEC), and the Bureau of Public Schools (BPS) – jointly undertook a textbook production project which started on July 1, 1960 and terminated on June 30, 1965 to help solve the problem of lack of textbooks. The project was expected to print and distribute around 25 million of copies of textbooks within a 5-year period at an estimated cost about â‚ ±59.5 million. Support for Private Schools All private schools, colleges and universities derive their income mostly from tuition fees and miscellaneous fees from students. There is no law prescribing the maximum rate of tuition fees so there is no uniformity and limit in the tuition fees being charged by private schools. Quality schools with good standards among the religious institutions charge relatively higher rates than the ordinary schools. Some of the religious schools are partly supported from their properties. Some non-sectarian schools operating specially for profit charged comparatively lower tuition fees and even permit their students to pay on easy instalments to attract as many students as possible.