Violence Against Women as a Global Phenomenon

According to Heise (1998, p. 262), Violence against women is any incidence of gender-based violence that ends up in, or is likely to end up in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women. This includes threats, coercion or unwarranted deprivations of freedom, whether occurring in private life or public.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Violence Against Women as a Global Phenomenon specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More While the incidence of this kind of violence is to a large extent global, it is more prevalent in some households as compared to others. An analysis of the various reasons for the prevalence of domestic violence was carried out and the findings reported below are varied as the manifestations of the phenomenon. Culture and norms by and large undergo changes with time. However, some aspects of traditions are retained even with passage of time. One of these aspects is the position of the man in the home (Pourreza, Batebi, Moussavi, 2004, p. 34). Since time immemorial, society has granted the man dominion over his wife and inflexible gender roles have seen masculinity being directly associated with power and authority. The same traditions have ‘legitimized’ the use of violence as a way of solving differences of opinion. Women that would like to challenge the authority granted to the man are seen as wayward and in marriage are vulnerable to domestic violence. As is in most cases, going into marriage the man is conventionally seen to assume ownership of the woman and this automatically guarantees him control over her whole being including her sexuality. In some extreme cultures, errant women particularly those who involve in adultery are sentenced to death by cruel methods like stoning while the man goes scot free. If a woman in such a case is allowed to live, she is supposed to take in random acts of violence meted against her by relatives without complaining on account of the shame that she has subjected the family to. The socioeconomic status definitely has some influence over the issue of gender based violence. Women coming from low socioeconomic status generally tend to experience more episodes of violence than their counterparts from higher socioeconomic status (Tolman Rosen, 2001, p. 143). Poverty comes along with a sense of hopelessness and women in such conditions are willing to endure all kinds of suffering just to earn a living. Due to low economic power, these women lack the necessary resources to escape from abusive marriages. Their husbands are more often than not stressed, frustrated and have a feeling of inadequacy for not having lived up to their socially defined responsibility of breadwinner. As a result, they find it easy to vent their anger on their hapless wives and children.Advertising Looking for research paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Men being the common perpetrators of violence against women are generally influenced by events in their childhood. Men who witnessed gender based violence particularly against their mothers or sisters are likely to continue with the trend as are men who were physically abused as children (Renzetti, Bergen, 2005, p. 235). They tend to learn earlier in life that the best way to resolve misunderstanding is through violence. They also see this as a way of displaying their manhood judging from the kind of authority and ‘respect’ they see their abusive father commanding. Men who have grown up with an absentee or rejecting father may not develop proper family skills due to lack of a model. They find it hard to peacefully relate with their wives and children and when a minor disagreement arises they resort to violence and more so if they are on the wrong. Women who are brought up in abusive families as well learn to take in and accept violence directed at them as an acceptable way of solving conflict. As a result, a never-ending chain of domestic violence tolerance is created with daughter learning from mother. Another factor that greatly contributes to the high incidence of violence against women is the issue of legal protection. According to Steinmetz and Straus (1974, p. 321), the lack of legal protection and low legal literacy levels among women also contribute to the prevalence of gender based violence. In most societies, the laws have clauses for protection of the women’s rights in public places but no provisions are made for maintenance of these rights within homes. In most states violence against women is not seen as a major offence, and law enforcers are not trained to handle this kind of aggression. Men are free to mistreat their wives knowing very well that nothing can be done to them. It is only in extreme cases like when the woman is murdered that we see police coming in to arrest the man even though prompt interventi on could have saved a life. Legal definitions do not adequately cover topics of rape and sexual violence. Administrative officers, particularly in developing countries use sexual brutality as a method of getting confessions from female detainees. Seeing that legal systems in these regions don’t have the provision for independent investigation against the police, such cases of violence against women often go unpunished. Alcohol and hard drugs commonly result in impaired judgment and a reduced sense of tolerance. As a result, men who use them are more likely to instigate violence against their family members and in a traditional family setup of father, mother and children, it is most likely that the hostility will be directed at the wife (Tolman Rosen, 2001, p. 153). Conflict among married people also has a bearing in the prevalence of violence against women. It has been argued time and again that the compatibility of a man and woman will essentially determine the level of hap piness in the marriage. Ill-assorted coupling often results in incessant disagreements which in most cases end up in physical or psychological abuse against the woman (Renzetti, Bergen, 2005, p. 38).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Violence Against Women as a Global Phenomenon specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More From both observational and psychological points of view authority of women in institutions other than their homes is a determinant factor on the occurrence of domestic violence. Women who have assumed positions of leadership and authority in institutions outside their homes generally tend to experience few incidents of violence against them (Steinmetz Strauss, 1974, p. 25). This is because they are able to stand in support of their principles and can challenge any unreasonable demands from their husbands. The positioning of the family in relation to the entire community heavily determines the li kelihood of violence against women (Steinmetz Strauss, 1974, p. 6). Families which are secluded from public scrutiny tend to report higher rates of wife abuse. In more open families where relatives and other members of society are able to promptly intervene, reports of domestic violence are lessened. Women’s participation in formal social groups such self help groups or political parties reduce their chances of falling victim to domestic violence as well as increase their ability to resolve conflict within the home without having it turn into violence. Human beings are social beings and a majority of decisions made are heavily dependent on the influence of peers. Men generally tend to value social associations more than women to the extent that even in marriage they find it hard to abandon their ‘boy’ clubs. Delinquent friends who have no sense of proper family practices may end up influencing their responsible counterparts to neglect their families (Heise, 1998 , p. 278). The men who have strong and overbearing wives are often advised by their peers to exercise their authority by use of violence in a bid to ‘tame’ their women. Conclusion It is worth noting that violence against women is a global phenomenon. However, certain factors as has been detailed above predispose some women to violence as compared to others. These are factors are either cultural or socioeconomic in nature and are seen at individual, family or community levels. The major challenge faced in the collection of data to back up the premises that had been established was the fact that most of the information available in books and journals focused on the statistical/quantitative data as opposed to qualitative issues.Advertising Looking for research paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The setback was however countered by ensuring that a large collection of resources was consulted and the most relevant issues as far as the topic at hand was concerned were recorded. Finally, it is only important to appreciate that domestic violence has been in existence since time immemorial and that most of the reasons that caused disparity in the prevalence of the vice 1000 years ago are the same that cause the variance today; just in different setting. References Heise, L.L. (1998). Violence against women: An Integrated, ecological framework. Sage Journals Online, 4, 262–290. Pourreza, A.,  Batebi, A., Moussavi, P. (2004). A survey about knowledge and attitudes of people towards violence against women in community family settings. Iranian Public Health Journal, 33(2), 33–37. Renzetti, C., Bergen, R.K. (2005). Violence against women. Maryland, MD: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers. Steinmetz, S.K., Straus, M.A. (Eds.). (1974). Violence in the family. New York, NY: Harper Row. Tolman, R.T., Rosen, D. (2001). Domestic violence in the lives of women receiving welfare: Mental health, substance dependence, and economic well-being. Sage Journals Online,  7, 141–158. This research paper on Violence Against Women as a Global Phenomenon was written and submitted by user Catherine Oneill to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

predictors of husband to wife violence essays

predictors of husband to wife violence essays Critical Analysis of Journal Article Article: Feldbau-Khon, S., Heyman, R., and OLeary, K. (1998). Major depressive disorder and depressive symptomatology as predictors of husband to wife physical abuse. Violence and Victims, 13, 347-359. The work of Feldbau-Khon, S., Heyman, R., and OLeary, K. is described in the article, Major Depressive Disorder and Depressive Symptomatology as Predictors of Husband to Wife Physical Aggression. The authors tested the link between a husbands depressive symptomatology and the frequency of physical aggression toward his wife. Also tested was the husbands Major Depressive Disorder and the frequency of physical aggression towards his wife. The authors had four hypotheses. 1: Clinically depressed men are more physically aggressive. 2: Depressive symptomatology is associated with frequency of physical aggression. 3: Depressive symptomatology effects on physical aggression are accounted for by other variables. 4: Depressive symptomatology effects on psychological aggression are accounted for by other variables. The study assessed physically aggressive men who volunteered for treatment with their wives. Participants responded to newspaper announcements offering free therapy for relationship conflicts. All spouses completed three-hour assessments consisting of structured interviews and self-report measures. Almost one third had moderate levels of depressive symptomatology, but only 11% met the criteria for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). Although a significant relationship between increased depressive symptomatology and frequency of physical aggression was found, the relationship was most likely accounted for by self- reported anger. One weakness with this study is the makeup of the sample. The racial composition of the sample was 1.3% Black, 1.3% Asian, and 97% White. No Hispanics were included in the study altho ...

Algebra Basics What You Need to Know in One Article!

Algebra Basics What You Need to Know in One Article! All Algebra Basics in One Place! To understand algebra deeply, you need to learn some basics first. This article will help you to start. It contains info that helps to go further in learning. The high school encourages us to study many complex disciplines and one of them is Algebra. For many students, this is a challenging subject as it requires a deep understanding of math and being able to conduct operations like adding, subtracting, multiplying, dividing and their various combinations. In this article, you will learn how to cope with algebra challenges and ease the process of learning. Main Things You Need to Know about Algebra All the math operations have to be used in a particular order. To remember it you can use the acronym PEMDAS. Know how to work with negative numbers. The main thing you need to understand that the bigger the number, the more distance from zero points. When you have a big task, divide it into smaller ones to organize the solving process. Start every new stage from the new line. Learn how to deal with variables that represented as letters (like x, y, z) and cannot perform number functions. When you have combines equations with letter and numbers, try to exclude any numbers during the available algebra operations. As we already mentioned, one of the useful tricks can be the PEMDAS approach. This tool was designed to memorize the right math operation order. To cut the story short, we will not discuss in details why it is so, but only decode the acronym: Parenthesis; Exponents; Multiplication; Division; Addition; Subtraction. Shortly speaking, why this order is important in algebra, then you need to keep in mind that the wrong order will lead to the wrong results. For instance, when you have an issue like 8+74 and start with adding operation before multiplying, you will get 60, that will be definitely wrong. According to basic math rules you need to multiply the numbers first and then conduct the adding operations. Eventually, you will get 36 that will be the right result recognizable for everyone. To get the right answers all the time we have to follow this rule. Basic Principles of Algebra Let’s start with the main operations. The first thing will be arithmetic. Every student who learns algebra must know the principles of arithmetic. Since the elementary schools, we are being taught how to deal with adding, subtracting, multiplying and dividing. That is why most people do not have any difficulties with such tasks. Algebra, in general, is almost completely based on these operations. But the complexity of it lies in various formulas, equations and substitution of numbers with symbols. If you have any problems with understanding these aspects, you can learn them on your own using the available online resources and books on math. To obtain skills in algebra you need to learn the basics step by step. If you think that working with numbers is not your passion, you have to realize that there is no need to be an expert in math to understand the main elements of algebra. Even if you study some humanitarian disciplines like journalism, law or languages, you still can learn some simplest equations first and train your counting skills. All the more complicated formulas and issues are required for students who plan to study accounting or statistics etc. In some cases, students may be assigned to write academic papers on this subject and they may get benefits from special writing services to get high results and improve their skills. You also can use a calculator that may help in solving basic tasks and concentrate on more important ones. Also, some software like Excel can be helpful in solving algebra tasks with accuracy. In this case, you need to know how and when to use the available tools. These skills are required not only for students but for people who deal with similar issues. But when it comes to exams, keep in mind that the only tools you are allowed to use there are your calculator and a pen. Any additional tools, devices, and helpful materials are forbidden there. To ease the process of taking such exams and save time you need to know perfectly how your calculator works and what problems it helps to solve. How to Deal with Negative Numbers? The biggest challenge for many pupils was the understanding that -/- gives + while -/+ remains the -. But this is the basic thing we had to memorize. Negative numbers are used very often in algebra, accounting, statistics, economics, and other subjects that are related to math and you need to have particular knowledge. We can start with basic operations like adding, multiplying, subtracting and dividing to realize how everything works in order to move to the same processes with negatives. Keep in mind that negative number located on the same distance from zero as the positive equivalent, but the direction is the opposite. You can draw or imagine the line to make visual proof of what number is bigger. When you add one negative to another you get even more negative number. You see that the digit is higher, but it keeps its negative meaning with a minus sign. So it will be lower considering the number line. When you subtract the negatives, you can consider it as adding a positive number. When you divide or multiply negative numbers, you will always get a positive result. When you divide or multiply a negative number with a positive one, in this case, you will always get a negative result. The Structure of Algebra Problems Like when you work on a research paper or an essay, in solving algebra problems you should follow the particular structure as well. Yes, you probably will need to provide a short answer, but the whole process of solving should be displayed on paper in a particular order to follow your thoughts. This is really important when you have to deal with long problems. They may have various approaches for solving, and each of them may require a lot of time. If you do not want to miss anything or make a mistake, you need to start every new step with a new line and number each line. If you have a problem with the two-sided equation, then it is better to put every part of the solving process under each other. This will let you control the process and spot any possible mistakes quickly. For instance, if you have to solve the equation 12/6 – 2 + 5 x4, you should organize your work in the following way: 12/6 – 2 + 5 x4 12/6 – 2 + 20 2 – 2 + 12 0 + 12 13 This approach applies to any algebra problem. When you organize it in the step-by-step order, you will make your learning more effective. How to Work with Variables and Their Definition If you have to pass the SAT, then you need to know algebra well. So you need to understand at least the main principles first. Learn more about SAT test scores and find any other useful info on this aspect. Reaching satisfactory results will help you with entering college. One of the primary conditions is knowledge of what variables are and how to work with them. In SAT you will definitely have tasks with these elements. Also, sometimes we add letters and symbols to the numbers. As a rule, they serve as a substitution to the unknown numbers when you need an extra figure to fit the formula, for instance. That is why they are called variables. We do not know their value, and in some cases, it is not easy to discover it. However, you sometimes even do not have to see the value to solve the task. All you need is to use the right formulas and interpret the right. Here are the examples of variables used in algebra: Latin letters like a, b, c, x, y; Greek letters like theta or beta; the symbol pi, or Ï€, also is considered as a variable. In any case, you should consider these symbols as unknown numbers. In most tasks, you need to find the value of the unknown numbers by using the basic formulas. Here is the example of such tasks: 6x+6=18, where we have X as a variable. This means that we do not know its value but we can define it using the information from other numbers. We need to make both sides equal to 18. We subtract the 6 from 18 and have 12. As we know, 62=12, then we have found out that X means 2. Another approach to understanding the variables is the substituting them with question marks. For example, you need to solve the equation 2+5+x=15, so imagine it as 2+5+?=15. It is obvious that the answer here is 8. But how to act if you have more than one variable in your task? This can be solved simply in algebra as well. Consider them as a regular number in this case. Any arithmetical operations can be done with variables of the same meaning. When x+x=3x, then x+y will have another meaning (for instance, 3xy). Let’s discover how this works with this equation: 1x+3x=8. You can add parts 1x and 3x as they have the same variable and you will get 4x. Since we have 4x=8, then we can easily assume that x=2. But this approach is applicable to the same variable only. â€Å"Cancelling† Principle: How it Works You can get the variable in another way. When we have an equation, we may have numbers and variables from both sides. For example, you may have a task like x+5=83. You need to separate the variables from the numbers. So we need to exclude the number â€Å"5† from the right side and put it on the left. But you have to do so by changing its positive meaning to the negative one. So you will get an equation like this: x=83-5. Now you need simply to solve the basic math task and you will get: x=24-5=19. A piece of cake. Let’s discuss how we can to cancel the addition. When we have the unknown number on one side, this means we can replace the known numbers on another one. We have to conduct the opposite operation. As we know, adding and subtracting are the opposite operations. That is why in our example we have subtracted the 5 to compensate its missing on the first side. This is one of the basics of algebra that you need to know for sure. You can also use this principle when you deal with multiplication and division. As you can see, starting understanding algebra can be not so hard. Train Your Skills More If you feel that you need more training to memorize algebra basics, you can use the visual elements to get the info better. You can use images in order to illustrate any algebra issue like formulas, equations, etc. During lessons teachers sometimes use any available physical objects to enhance the understanding of the concepts. How to deal with â€Å"common sense check†? This is one more opportunity to get deeper algebra insight. Anytime you present a written problem with the algebraic elements. You can check the formula by using the simple numbers. You can choose whether the equation is meaningful by replacing x with 0 or 1. Moreover, you do not always have to get around or straightforward number after solving the math problem. The answer may contain irrational numbers, decimals, fractions, and others. This is the reason you should bring the calculator. You will be informed of what form will be suitable for each problem. If you are confident in your algebra skills, check how you deal with factoring. This is one of the most complicated aspects of math. This approach is used to make the ling equations shorter and simpler. This section is considered as semi-advanced algebra. You can practice by applying algebra approaches to real-life situations. To get the algebra better, you should not only memorize the formulas but to use them and practice. This is the only way you will keep in mind at least basics. If you deal with finances, you can train your skills as well. Part-time or season job can also be useful in practicing your skills. You can also use your knowledge for obtaining related disciplines like accounting, economics, etc. By the way, math, and algebra, in particular, is also required for understanding computer sciences. This discipline is vital for engineering and constructing too. If you still consider that you cannot solve the math or algebra problem correctly, you can ask for professional assistance and order the writing help from experts who will help you to shape and correct your solutions.

Elimination of the Quality Issues and the Retention of Business Case Study - 5

Elimination of the Quality Issues and the Retention of Business - Case Study Example Quality is an aspect which has gained importance and recognition around the world. The three components of quality which are quality control, quality assurance and quality improvement on a constant basis have become the core functions of numerous organizations since consumers are now well informed and not ready to compromise on quality. As the case suggests, the quality standards set by Presto Cleaners clearly did not meet the consumers’ standards and resulted in a lot of problems for the consumers (Dale B, van der Wiele T, van Iwaarden J, 2007).   Quality standards, in this case, did not revolve around the quality of the product itself but the means used to communicate and transfer the service to the consumer. Quality management must then be implemented whereby quality assurance is guaranteed both with the products and the processes used to deliver the service altogether. Without the implementation of appropriate quality standards, preferably those that are in line with the principles and guidelines set by the ISO standards of quality, an organization will not be able to effectively conduct business and might even fail to retain let alone attract new business. This was exactly what happened in the case of Presto Cleaners; Mr. Shelton was not satisfied with the services Presto Cleaners had provided and demanded compensation for the loss incurred by him or else lose out on business.  The objectives for which one chooses a product or service maintain a direct link with quality i.e. if the purpose for which the service, in this case, is chosen is not fulfilled the consumer would face quality issues (Howard S. Gitlow, 2005). When the Presto Cleaners opened their doors to customers, Mr. and Mrs. Shelton chose this service mainly because of the convenient location, suitable working hours and most importantly the friendliness and helpful nature of the staff. However, the cost was higher than competitors located in the vicinity, the Shelton’s gave Pre sto preference because they wanted to seek the quality services even if they had to pay higher costs for it.

How can the growth of investments in renewable energy to achieve Dissertation

How can the growth of investments in renewable energy to achieve higher energy efficiency levels impact on world oil prices and - Dissertation Example Therefore, this study aims to determine whether or not the increased investment on renewable energy resources could literally affect the movements of the world market prices of oil. Likewise, this study will determine how massive investments made on the development of renewable energy resources can affect the economic growth of OECD countries. Research Method: A one-on-one personal interview with a couple of experts in finance and economics was conducted to know more about the impact of an increased investment in renewable energy on the world market prices of oil and the economic growth of OECD counties. Research Findings: Due to high market demand for oil, increasing the overall investment on renewable energy resources will not trigger the world market price of oil to decrease. Furthermore, the massive investment on renewable energy resources can somehow create a positive impact on the future economic growth of the OECD countries. However, serious considerations should be made befor e investing a large sum of money on a specific project. Conclusion: To increase the socio-economic benefits and return on investments (ROI) of renewable energy projects, this study concludes that strong support coming from the local people, the government, and the developers of renewable energy resources is essential. ... Table of Contents Acknowledgement ............................................................................................................... 2 Abstract ................................................................................................................................ 3 Table of Contents ................................................................................................................. 5 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................. 7 1.1 Purpose of the Study ................................................................................. 7 1.2 Research Objectives .................................................................................. 7 1.3 Research Questions ................................................................................... 8 1.4 Rationale for Selecting the Research Topic .............................................. 8 1.5 Scope and Limitations of the Study .......................................................... 9 2. Literature Review .................................................................................................... 10 2.1 Renewable Energy Resources ................................................................... 10 2.2 Types of Renewable Energy Resources Available in OECD Countries ....................................................................................... 11 2.3 Impact of Renewable Energy Investment on the Economic Growth of OECD Countries ............................................... 18 2.5 Impact of Renewable Energy Resources on Oil Prices ............................. 22 2.6 Reasons that Make it

Colonoscope System to Avoid Loop Formation

Colonoscope System to Avoid Loop Formation Enclosed is my report of Final Project pertaining to Design of new system proposed for a Procedure of Colonoscopy to overcome a Looping Problem. Various factors have been discussed and some approaches have been utilized throughout this report and have found this area as full on interest, though clearly also one of the most mandatory for practical life. Working on this area has tremendously increased my knowledge. These days Colonoscopy is a subject which is point of interest for every organization, especially for those who are having an immense research in this area related to innovation and enhancement and companies which mainly deals in Medical Equipment Technologies and various processes. There are Designing and Electrical area which are set in Colonoscopy Equipment to the Development of Electrical System which contains a deep level of area linked to Electrical Technology. Thus, reflecting the current value of product/services among the consumers or how the value can be increased and also its scientific development Many research firms are working globally related to development and innovation of Colonoscopy and are and also there are some companies which have the statistical data and are providing useful information for technical people so they are plan and market their business accordingly and specially those areas which are a part of Colonoscopy technology. Influencing the ways that people act in their daily utilization lives is an anxiety for researchers in a number of disciplinary areas, including consumer Behaviour psychology, development, innovation, health research and marketing. The particular context of the low-income consumer is one that is starting to emerge in the consumer and marketing policy literature as one of importance, particularly in terms of ensuring that these consumers get their basic needs met in their marketplace interactions. However, there is still limited knowledge about the Colonoscopy patterns of low level of technical people mean they have less knowledge about Colonoscopy and in particular there are very few studies that have examined attempts to influence or modify lower knowledge for those technical people which dont have sufficient knowledge for this domain. Report is composed of different areas, for a better idea the report is organized of areas which are descried as under. Necessary requirements of a report Basic introduction of a Colonoscopy and its current procedure, with some concepts of its medical application are conditions which are required before any colonoscopy procedure or its application Idea of a new equipment, modelling and designing methodology in order to get proper idea pertaining to new designed procedure New product development procedure and approach, so once the procedure is designed a new equipment is produced what will be the activities related to costing factors, technical implementations, commercialization strategies etc. Conclusion and References This project is about the interface and a system which will help doctors and physicians to perform successful colonoscopy procedure without facing any looping problem, if any problem occurs system will help to identify problem. There are some New Product Development areas which are also discussed in this report. Various aspects of Colonoscopy and its modelling has been discussed in this report and some introduction material is also applied to apply a defining light related to various concepts Colonoscope:Colonoscopy is the endoscopic examination of the large bowel and the distal part of the small bowel with a CCD camera or a fiber optic camera on a flexible tube passed through the anus. It can provide a visual diagnosis the opportunity for biopsy or removal of suspected colorectal cancer lesions. [1] Figure 1: Gilo, Colonoscope, Image adapted from Wikimedia.org, 2009 Colonoscopy: Colonoscopy is a procedure which helps doctor to examine the lining of the entire rectum and colon by using the endoscope having a camera with one of its end. Colonoscopy may be done for the following purposes: Blood in the Stool Anemia Abdominal Pain Areas of Inflammation that may indicate ulcerative colitis Helps to obtain biopsy tissue for examination Diagnose of Invasive Cancer Changes in Bowels Habits, such as constipation or diarrhea Complete removal of large polyp Recheck the colon following surgery for Colon Cancer Figure 2: Colonoscopy Preparation, Image adapted from American Gastroenterological association, April 2013 Colonoscopy may be done for a variety of reasons, most of the time it is done to find out the cause of blood in the stool, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and change in bowel habit or an abnormality found on colonic X rays or a Computed axial tomography scan. [2] Individuals having previous history of polyps or colon cancer and certain individuals with a family history of some types of non-colonic cancers or colonic problems that may be associated with colonic cancer may be advised to have periodic colonoscopies because their risks are greater for polyps or colon cancer. [2] How often should one undergo colonoscopy depends on the degree of the risks and the abnormalities found at previous colonoscopies. It has been recommended that even healthy people at normal risk for colon cancer should undergo colonoscopy at age 50 and every 10 years thereafter, for the purpose of removing colonic polyps before they become cancerous. [2] Figure 3: Steven, Mark, Colon Cancer and Polyp Image adapted from Colonoscopy Preparation Process The process of colonoscopy includes the intubation of a Colonoscope from the anus via the colon to the cecum. Throughout a comprehensive colonoscopy procedure, the insertion shaft is inserted into the anus then pushed through the rectum, sigmoid colon, descending colon, transverse colon, and ascending colon through to the cecum. [3] At present to perform the Colonoscopy there are two methods which are available and they are known as two Person and One Person Colonoscopy Procedure. [3] In the one-person colonoscopy, the physician performs the inspection alone, managing the angulation panels and valves with one hand and inserting or twisting the shaft with the other hand. In one-person colonoscopy, the physician customs the right hand to insert the scope and control the orientation of the distal end of the scope with the left hand. Thus, the one-person method typically creates a better coordination of the two operations during the procedure. [3] In the two-person colonoscopy, a physician and an assistant perform the two-person colonoscopy, i.e., the physician controls the orientation of the scope, and the assistant pulls and pushes the Colonoscope according to the physicians command. [3] By contrast, in the two-person method, an assistant pushes or pulls the scope while the physicians control the scope orientation. In the latter method, good coordination often is hard to achieve. [3] As a result, the two-person method often creates more procedure-induced abdominal pains than does the one-person method. [3] Figure 4: Cole, Chrissie, Colonoscopy Procedure, Image adapted from Colonoscopy Cancer Screening Procedure, October Before having a colonoscopy, doctor must be aware if patient has any special medical conditions. Some of the conditions are mentioned as under: [4] Pregnancy Lung conditions Heart conditions Allergies to any medications Diabetes or take drugs that may affect blood clotting. Adjustments to these medications may be required before the procedure. Some patients also needs to antibiotics before the colonoscopy. Some of the examples are described as under: [4] Have an artificial heart valve Have ever been told you need to take antibiotics before a dental or surgical procedure In recent times a little amount of work has been done on colonoscopy device and little advancement has been made but still there is a problem which is common to colonoscopy device and i.e. Loop Information in colonoscopy when procedure is applied. Figure 5: Tudor, Alex, Loop Formation in Colonoscopy, Image adapted from Fundamentals: Diagnostic Colonoscopy, June Most commonly, we speak of a difficult colonoscopy being one in which it was challenging or not possible to reach the cecum. Others might be inclined to measure difficulty based on the duration of time required, or the amount of physical exertion involved or even the discomfort the patient experiences. [5] For the expert colonoscopies, a difficult colonoscopy might be one in which it is challenging to diligently examine each fold upon withdrawal. For the purposes of this discussion, we will confine ourselves to viewing the difficult colonoscopy as one in which the endoscopies struggles or fails to reach the cecum. [5] Figure 6: Steele, R.J.C, Perforation of the Bowel by Colonoscopy, United Kingdom, Image adapted from How I do it Colonoscopy Research Objective:When we analyze different colonoscopy available in the market then we realize that there are various colonoscopy procedures which has introduced in market and are adapted for medical examinations as well. Some of the types which are introduced in medical sector are mentioned as under Variable Stiffness Colonoscope Over tube Colonoscope Capsule Endoscope Self Propelled Endoscope Virtual Colonoscopy Aer O Scope Neo Guide Endoscopy System Image Guided Colonoscopy In this project we have mentioned new proposed equipment which is added in a Colonoscope device and will be utilized in a procedure of colonoscopy and certain small equipment has also been added with Colonoscope which helps to overcome the loop problem associated with the Colonoscopy Procedure at present. Reason of a Loop Formation: The actual reason of a loop formation is self-locking mechanism, it occurs when Colonoscope and Colon comes in contact two states occurs which is Stick State and Slip State. Slip state occurs when tangential force is greater than the limit of static friction force, this friction force can be determined by the multiplication of dynamic frictional coefficient and normal applied force to the point. Stick state is the displacement of two contact points when both of them are equal to zero. This stick state usually occurs in sigmoid colon. Self-locking mechanism generally occurs when driving force angle is less than the friction angle and this state is known as stick state. So far to avoid loop formation the principle has been shown up but there is no such equipment which can support this principle. In further part of this report we will be discussing what equipment and design can help to avoid the problem and support the idea which has been generated. Figure 13: Colon Perforation, Image adapted from Medical Demonstrative Evidence, USA 1999 Idea Generation/Concept:After analyzing various concepts and types of colonoscopy procedures available in medical field it has been observed that loop formation is a very vast and common problem available in this area which created problem for doctor to perform the procedure. To overcome this problem equipment is suggested in this report which will be a best fit for the current principle of colonoscopy that helps to overcome the looping error and problem. The suggested equipment here will be integrated with the Colonoscope and will help measuring the force angle and also compares it with the friction angle so if the driving force will be greater than the friction force the loop formation will be avoided. Benefits of the new integrated equipment are described as under Advanced Indication of Loop formation Run Time Mechanism Forces and Parameters in an display panel so Doctors can be informed during procedure Smooth Procedure   Basic Idea in a Block Diagram: (Flowchart # 1) Modelling of a New System: There are various stages defined below but first we will start with the Block diagram of this new model. Block Diagram of a System: (Flowchart # 2) Explanation of a Model/System: Model discussed above consist of various sensors and devices which will help physicians to use a system which will give result as a Loop free Colonoscope procedure. Colonoscopy Force Monitor: CFM is a device that continuous measures, displays and stores the information. It is a preferred method to screen for colorectal cancer. Figure 14: CFM Device, Image adapted from Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, USA 2014 It is a handheld force-measuring attachment mounted on the Colonoscope shaft that provides a physician with a real-time feedback on the force and torque applied during colonoscopy. The CFM is designed to improve training of people which operated endoscopy and establish best practices for performing colonoscopy by quantitative characterization of expert skill. Control Unit: Control unit plays a vital role to avoid loop formation. It has two knobs i.e. Knob A and Knob B and both of them are controlled by Doctor. When doctor controls the knob the Tip gets particular orientation. Here we will use both Models which were proposed by Wubin Cheng. His first Model was to give the information to Doctor about the contact force and position on tip in the colon so if there is any chance for the self-locking to occur so doctors should get warning in advance through the display system. Second model describes relation between two knobs and the tip in order to compute the tip orientation information. Interface through a Block Diagram: (Flowchart # 3) Result: By applying this new system Medical doctor will be able to identify current situation of a colonoscopy procedure. If there will be any loop problem or a self-locking mechanism will occur then doctor will be able to overcome it because information will be coming from CFM which is connected outside human body and doctor will be able to see force exerted to the tip of insertion tube and if it is not correct so they will be change the orientation of the tip. System Flow in case of Loop Formation: (Flowchart # 4) It will be a web based application which will be showing different information There will be a live monitoring of a procedure so doctors will be able to examine the procedure on run time Interface will be integrated to the CFM which will be providing the information of torque and force so if there will be an extra torque or force that doctors will be applying then they will receive a message on interface that Loop formation can occur Interface will be integrated to the Knob which will be receiving the message of the Tip of the orientation so if there will be any requirement for the change of the orientation of the tip then doctors will be able to change it. For the change of orientation doctors will able receive a message on the live inteferace Evaluation of a Model: Here we will be doing evaluation of a proposed model of this project. The parameters defining the model as a Good or a Bad model is taken from Zhang Lin FCBPSS modelling presentation. Validity: Upon receiving the information over a display panel of a CFM if doctors follow the procedure as per defined over a display panel so process can be performed smoothly and validity of a system will remain as designed i.e. output will be accomplished in a perfect way. Utility: Information coming from CFM will be accurate it will be dependent of medical staff on how they actually perform a process. Otherwise, it will be a perfect utility to give required output. Reliability: Process applied on a same patient multiple times in regular interval for a particular day, the results will always be obtained as same. Comprehensiveness: Colonoscope is only required to be integrated with different companies of display panel or control unit, this is only area for the comprehensiveness. The system will be designed in such a way the integration will remain uniform whenever it combines with any other device. Ease of use (Usability): it will be a user friendly device; uses will be designed as easy for the use of staff. Product Screening and Benefits: Since the new proposed system will be capable to overcome many problems which were occurring in past therefore this will be a top benefit of the new designed procedure. There is a huge market present for users which will be able to use this new design procedure, currently there is a big market which are in need to use the process of a colonoscopy but they are unable to utilize it because of a looping problem. There are many medical facilities round the world which are looking to utilize the best procedure of a Colonoscopy. There are some facts and figures which have been mentioned in a website related to Colorectal Cancer and that describes requirement of this product in a market with desperate measures 630,000 deaths expected Highest rates in Japan, Korea and Asia in general Risks increase with age, with 90% of cases being people over 50 Screening reduces mortality since it can detect cancer at early stage. 5 year increases to 90% from 64% Many countries are adopting screening programs for people over 50 Current tests available: FOBT (fecal occult blood test), sigmoidoscopy and colonoscopy, barium enema [6] Expected Market Size: The new procedure of a colonoscopy will be able to capture a huge market size. Globally a gigantic level of market is available for this device by making this new technology with software integration will be able to huge market immensely. Routine colorectal cancer screening is something that tens of millions in the United States go through every few years. After the age of 50 patients are encouraged to have a colonoscopy every 5-10 years. Between these colonoscopies, they can use non-invasive tests that can sometimes determine the presence of cancer or even pre cancers. [7] Currently, there are three main types of tests that are used: Fecal occult blood tests (FOBT), Fecal immunochemical tests (FIT), and stool DNA tests (sDNA). [7] Of these three, fecal occult blood tests are used the most frequently probably because they are quite cheap ( The number of virtual colonoscopy procedures performed in the United States is expected to increase through 2014. Growth in the over-50-years-of-age demographic will drive procedure volumes in this market. In addition, public awareness of colon cancer and the importance of early detection are encouraging people to receive regular screenings. [9] As the number of virtual colonoscopy procedures increases, the market for virtual colonoscopy software is also expected to increase, with companies such as General Electric (GE) leading the change. However, prices are estimated to decrease as competition within the virtual colonoscopy software market intensifies. [9] But as inconvenient as it is, CRC screening saves lives. A little over 50,000 US patients die of this disease each year, making it the second deadliest cancer in the United States. About 20-40% of patients are diagnosed with the disease in the later stages, when surgical removal is not curative. However, the majority of screens that catch polyps will find them while they are still adenomas. Adenomas are typically asymptomatic, meaning that patients would not have been able to detect them without a colonoscopy. [10] Figure 7: Herrick, Devon, Colonoscopy Market, Image adapted from The Emerging Market for Medical Care Concept Development of a Procedure: Concept development of this new equipment initiates from the new features which will be embedded in it. For example CFM, Software Integration and Run Time information of a Loop Formation during a Colonoscopy so the Doctor can be informed and necessary actions can be taken in order to make it a perfect Colonoscopy Procedure. Characteristics Benefits Software Integration Run Time or Live Information Live Display Parameters showing up on Display Panel for correct forces or torques Loop Formation Alerts Early indication of Loop formation in case of extra force etc. Table 1: Product Benefits, Type of Table adap

Operation Research Essay

INTRODUCTION & HISTORY OF OPERATIONAL RESEARCH Operational research came into existence in 1885 when Frederick W. Taylor emphasised the application of scientific analysis to methods of production. The name (OR) probably came from a programme under taken by Great Britain during world war2, â€Å"research in military operations†. After the success of OR in military operations, it quickly spread to all phases of Industry and Government. By 1951, OR had take place as a distinct science in the United States. Hence it is said that Or is â€Å"the art of winning war without actually fighting it†. OPERATIONAL RESEARCH IN INDIA: In India OR society founded in 1959, also became a member of International Federation of OR Societies in 1959. Now OR techniques are used in almost all the walks of our life and Or is emerging as an interdisciplinary areas of knowledge that can make contribution to the solution of the problems in diversified areas of interest. There is too much impact of OR in economics, management, engineering and other social & behaviour sciences. DEFINITION OF OPERATION RESEARCH: * Operational research is the art of giving bad answers to problems which otherwise have worse answers. T.L. SAATY * Operational research is the scientific approach to problem solving for executive management. H.M. WAGNER * Operational Research (OR) is the use of advanced analytical techniques to improve decision making. It is sometimes known as Operations Research, Management Science or Industrial Engineering. People with skills in OR hold jobs in decision support, business analytics, marketing analysis and logistics planning – as well as jobs with OR in the  title. ACKOFF & SASIENI NATURE OF OPERATIONAL RESEARCH: Operational Research involves research on (military) operations. This indicates the approach as well as the area of applications of the field. Thus it is an approach to problems of how to coordinate and control the operations or activities within an organisation. In order to run an organisation effectively as a whole the problem that arises frequently is coordination among the conflicting goal of its various functional departments. Let’s consider the problem of the stocks of finished goods. The various departments of the organisation may like to handle this problem differently. * To the marketing department, stock of large variety of products is a means of supplying the company’s customers with what they want and where they want it. Clearly the fully stocked ware- house is of prime importance to the company. * The production department argues for long production runs preferably on a smaller product range, particularly if there is a significant time loss when production switched from one variety to another. * On the other hand, finance department sees stocks kept as capital tied up unproductively and argues strongly for their reduction. * Finally the personnel department sees great advantage in labour relations if there is a steady level of production leading to steady employment. To optimise the whole system, the decision maker must decide the best policy keeping in view the relative importance of objectives and validity of conflicting claims of various departments from the perspective of the whole organisation. Operations research thus helps to seek the optimal solution to a problem and not merely one which gives better solutions than the one currently in use. The decision taken by the decision maker may not be acceptable to every department but it should be optimal for the organisation as a whole or at least for a large portion of the total organisation. In order to obtain such type of solution, the decision maker must follow the effects and interactions of a particular decision. APPLICATIONS OF OPERATIOANL RESEARCH A. ACCOUNTING: * Cash flow & fund flow planning’s. * Credit policy analysis. * Planning of delinquent account strategy. B. CONSTRUCTION: * Allocation of resources to projects. * Determination and deployment of proper work forces. * Project scheduling, monitoring and control. C. FACILITIES PLANNING: * Factory size and location decision. * Hospital planning. * International logistics systems design. * Estimation of number of facilities required. * Transportation loading and unloading. * Warehouse location decision. D. FINANCE: * Dividend policy decision. * Investment decision. * Portfolio analysis. E. MANUFACTURING: * Inventory control. * Projection marketing balance. * Production scheduling. * Production smoothing. F. MARKETING: * Advertising budget allocation. * Product introduction timing. * Selection of product mix. * Customer’s preferences. G. ORGANISATION BEHAVIOUR: * Personnel selection & planning. * Scheduling of training programs. * Skills balancing. * Recruitment of Employees. H. PURCHASING: * Material transfers. * Optimal buying. * Optimal reordering. I. RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT: * Control of R&D projects. * Product introduction planning. CONCLUSION: Operational research, also known as operations research, is an interdisciplinary branch of applied mathematics and formal science that uses advanced analytical methods such as mathematical modelling, statistical analysis, and mathematical optimization to arrive at optimal or near-optimal.